ABDOMEN Flashcards
What are the anatomic divisions
- abdominal quadrants
- abdominal wall muscles
- internal anatomy of the abdominal cavity
what are the 9 regions of the abdomen
- right hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- right iliac region
- epigastric
- umbilical
- hypogastric
- left HC
- Left lumbar
- left iliac
outermost later of abdomen
external abdominal oblique,
middle layer of abdomen
internal abdominal oblique
innermost layer of abdomen
transverse abdominis
a vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall is called
rectus abdominis
a white line from the abdomen that was formed from muscle fibers and aponeuroses at the midline of the abdomen
Linea Alba
A thin, shiny, serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity (parietal peritoneum) and also provides a protective covering for most of the internal abdominal organs
(visceral peritoneum).
peritoneum
what are the systems that are present in the abdominal cavity?
- gastrointestinal
- female reproductive
- lymphatic
- urinary
2 types of abdominal viscera
solid & hallow
refers to e those organs that maintain their shape consistently:
Solid viscera
consist of structures that change shape depending on their contents.
hollow viscera
what are the examples of solid viscera?
liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus
What are the examples of hollow viscera?
stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon and bladder
It is the largest solid organ in the body. It is located below the diaphragm in the RUQ of the abdomen.
liver
It is a long gland extending across the abdomen from the RUQ to the LUQ and mostly located behind the stomach deep in the upper abdomen, normally not palpable
Pancreas
Two functions of pancreas
it is an endocrine gland and
an accessory organ of digestion
is approximately 7 cm wide and is located above the left kidney just below the
diaphragm at the level of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ribs
spleen
What is main function of spleen?
- filter the blood of cellular debris,
- to digest microorganisms
- to return the breakdown products to the liver.
Located high and deep under the diaphragm. Glandular, bean-shaped organs measuring 10 × 5 × 2.5 cm
Kidney
What is the main function of kidney?
- filtration and elimination of metabolic waste products
- play a role in blood pressure control and maintenance of water, salt, and electrolyte balances.
- function as endocrine glands by secreting hormones.
It is a distensible, flask-like organ located in the LUQ just below the diaphragm and between the liver and spleen.
Stomach
a muscular sac approximately 10 cm long located near the posterior surface of the liver lateral to the mid-clavicular line
gallbladder
What is the function of stomach?
store, churn, and digest food.
Function of gallbladder?
concentrate and store the bile needed
to digest fat
is actually the longest portion of the
digestive tract (approximately 7.0 m long) but is named for its small diameter (approximately 2.5 cm).
Small intestine
functions of small intestine
- digestion
- absorption of nutrients through millions of mucosal projections lining its walls.
has a wider diameter than the
small intestine (approximately 6.0 cm) and is approximately 1.4 m long. It originates in the RLQ, where it attaches to the small intestine at the ileocecal valve
Colon or large intestine
Functions of colon
it has major sections: ascending, transverse, descending.
- secrete large amounts of alkaline mucus to lubricate the intestine and neutralize
acids formed by the intestinal bacteria
a distensible muscular sac located behind
the pubic bone in the midline of the abdomen
urinary bladder
function of urinary bladder
temporary receptacle for urine
pain is not felt at its source.
referred pain
this is a type of ulcer where you feel pain a few hours after eating and relieved again once you eat again.
duodenal ulcer
medical term for heartburn
pyrosis
what is GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus).
Symptoms of GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) in adults
- Frequent heart burn
- burning type pain in the lower part of mid-chest
- behind the breast bone
- mid abdomen
Vomiting with blood
Hematemesis
medical term for vomiting
emesis
nausea that occurs pregnancy specifically in the morning that makes pregnant women vomit.
morning sickness
Nausea that is caused by motion because the inner ear, the eyes perceived motion
motion sickness
usually defined as a decrease in the frequency of bowel movements
or the passage of hard and possibly painful stools.
Constipation
is defined as frequency of bowel movements producing unformed or liquid stools
diarrhea
occurs when hollow abdominal organs—such as the intestines—become distended or contract forcefully, or when the capsules of solid organs such as the liver and
spleen are stretched. This type of pain is often characterized as dull, aching, burning, cramping or colicky.
Visceral pain
This type of pain tends to localize more to the source and is characterized as a more severe and steady pain. Occurs when the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed such as appendicitis or peritonitis.
Parietal Pain
This type of pain travels, or refers, from the primary
site and becomes highly localized at the distant site. occurs at a distant sites that are innervated at approximately the same levels as the disrupted abdominal organ
referred pain
sequence of assessment in the abdomen
Inspect, auscultate, percussion, palpation
it is the purple discoloration at the flanks that indicated bleeding within the abdominal wall, possibly from trauma to kidney, pancreas, or duodenum or from pancreatitis
Grey-Turner sign
this is significant abdominal swelling that indicating fluid accumulation in
the abdominal cavity
Ascites
this color may indicate ascites in the abdomen
pale, taunt skin
severe scarring of the liver
cirrhosis
what are the colors of stretch marks?
Pink/ bluish- new striae
Silvery - old striae
White/linear/uneven - from the past pregnancies or weight gain.
a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Dark bluish-pink striae are also associated with this
*cortisol - stress hormone
Cushing syndrome
excess scar tissue)
keloids
