EYES Flashcards
refers to what a person sees with one eye
visual field
four QUADRANTS OF VISUAL FIELDS
upper temporal,
lower temporal
upper nasal,
lower nasal
occurs as light rays strike the retina, where they are transformed into nerve impulses, conducted to the
brain through the optic nerve, and interpreted.
Visual perception
causes pupils immediately to constrict when exposed to bright light
pupillary light reflex
what is direct and indirect\consensual reflex?
Direct - constriction
Indirect - constriction
what condition where you usually see “spots or floaters”?
common among clients with myopia or in
clients over age 40.
blind spot
scotoma
Seeing halos around lights is associated with
narrow-angle glaucoma.
Night blindness is associated with
optic atrophy, glaucoma, and
vitamin A deficiency.
Double vision
diplopia
is caused by exposure to irritants or
obstruction of the lacrimal apparatus
excessive tearing or EPIPHORA
is often associated with foreign body or obstruction.
UNILATERAL EPIPHORA
is often associated with exposure to irritants, such as makeup or facial cleansers, or it may be a systemic response.
BILATERAL EPIPHORA
what is used to measure pressure within the eye?
tonometry
is the second leading cause of blindness after cataracts. Mayo Clinic (2010b) says it is often referred to as “the
silent thief of sight” because it can damage vision very gradually
with no noticeable loss of vision until the disease is advanced.
Glaucoma
are a clouding of the usually clear lens of the eye, causing a person to see as though looking through a
frosty or foggy window (Mayo Clinic, 2010).
Cataracts
is a major cause of visual impairment that affects the macula portion of the retina
Macular degeneration
is the “second-highest cause
of irreversible blindness in the world.
major cause of visual impairment that affects the macula portion of retina.
Causes deterioration of the macula, central area of the retina
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Used to test distant visual acuity, consists of lines of different letters stacked one above the other. The letters are large at the top and decrease in size from top to bottom.
The client stands
20 feet from the chart and covers
one eye with an opaque card (which
prevents the client from peeking
through the fingers
Snellen Chart
This is used when he client cannot read or has a handicap that prevents verbal communication.
is configured just like
the Snellen chart but the characters
on it are only Es, which face in all
directioN
E CHART
a test for near vision assessed in clients over 40 years of age by holding the pocket screener or newspaper print 14 inches
from the eye. Clients who have decreased accommodation to view
closer print will have to move the card or newspaper further away
to see it.
jaeger test
what is normal distant visual acuity
20/20 with or
without corrective lenses. This means that the client can distinguish what the person
with normal vision can distinguish from 20 feet away
(impaired far vision) is present when the second number in the test result is larger than the first (20/40).
Myopia
A client is considered legally blind when vision in the better eye with corrective lenses is
20/200
Use this test for middle-aged clients and others who complain of difficulty reading.
Test near visual acuity
Normal near visual acuity is
14/14 This means that
the client can read what the normal eye can read from a distance of 14 inches.
(impaired near vision) is indicated when the client moves the chart away from the eyes to focus on the print. It is caused by decreased accommodation.
- is a common condition in
clients over 45 years of age.
Presbyopia
what are the normal visual field degrees?
- Inferior: 70 degrees
- Superior: 50 degrees
- Temporal: 90 degrees
- Nasal: 60 degrees
This test assesses parallel alignment of the eyes. Hold a penlight approximately 12 inches
from the client’s face. Shine the light toward the bridge of the nose while the client stares straight ahead. Note the light reflected on
the corneas.
Perform corneal light reflex test
test detects deviation in alignment or strength and slight deviations in eye movement by interrupting
the fusion reflex that normally keeps the eyes parallel
Perform cover test
a is a term used to describe misalignment that occurs only when fusion reflex is blocked.
Phoria
is constant malalignment of the eyes.
Strabismus
is a specific type of misalignment:
Tropia
is an inward turn of the eye
Esotropia
is an outward turn of the eye
exotropia
test which assesses eye muscle strength and cranial nerve function
Perform position/ cardinal fields of gaze
—an oscillating (shaking) movement of the eye—may be associated with an inner ear disorder, multiple sclerosis, brain lesions, or narcotics use.
Nystagmus
Drooping of the upper lid
ptosis
inverted lower lid is a condition called
may cause pain and injure
the cornea as the eyelash brushes against the conjunctiva and cornea.
entropion
an everted lower eyelid, results in
exposure and drying of the conjunctiva
Ectropion
Redness and crusting along the lid margins suggest
seborrhea or blepharitis, an infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus
a hair follicle infection causes local redness, swelling, and pain
Hordeolum (stye)
an infection of the meibomian
gland (located in the eyelid), may produce extreme swelling of the lid, moderate redness, but minimal pain
chalazion
Protrusion of the eyeballs accompanied by
retracted eyelid margins is termed
exophthalmos
Generalized redness of the conjunctiva suggests
conjunctivitis (pink eye).
Yellowish nodules on the bulbar conjunctiva are called
pinguecula
is a local, noninfectious inflammation of the sclera. The condition is usually
characterized by either a nodular appearance
or by redness with dilated vessels
Episcleritis
a normal condition in older
clients, appears as a white arc around the limbus. The condition
has no effect on vision.
Arcus senilis
Normal pupil size
3 to 5 mm
An inequality in pupil size of less than 0.5 mm occurs in 20%
of clients. This condition, called
Anisocoria
The normal consensual pupillary response is
constriction.
Accommodation occurs when the client moves his or her focus of vision from a distant point to
a near object, causing the pupils to constrict. Hold your finger or a pencil about 12 to 15 inches from the client. Ask the client to focus on your finger or pencil and to remain
focused on it as you move it closer in toward the eyes
Test accommodation of pupils
The normal pupillary response of accommodation of the pupils are?
constriction nof the pupils and convergence of the eyes when focusing on a near object
appears as a swollen disc with blurred margins, a hyperemic (blood-filled) appearance, more visible and more numerous disc
vessels, and lack of visible physiologic cup
Papilledema, or swelling of the optic disc
is evidenced by the disc being
white in color and a lack of disc vessels. This condition is caused by the death of optic nerve fibers
Optic atrophy
occurs when injury causes red
blood cells to collect in the lower half of the anterior chamber of the eye
hyphemia
usually results from an inflammatory response in which white blood cells
accumulate in the anterior chamber and produce cloudiness in front of the iris
Hypopyon
an inward drift of eye
esophoria
outward drift of the eye
exophoria
Constant malalignment of the eye axis, defined according to the direction toward the eye drifts and may cause amblyopia
Strabismus (tropia)
Normal in young children, the pupils will appear at the center canthus (due to epicanthic fold)
Pseudotrabismus
Also known as lazy eye reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life.
Amblyopia
