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HEALTH ASSESSMENT > CARDIO-HA > Flashcards

CARDIO-HA Flashcards

1
Q

a highly complex, consisting of the
heart and a closed system of blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

It is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered (left and right
atria, and left and right ventricles) organ located in the middle
of the thoracic cavity between the lungs in the space called the
mediastinum

A

Heart

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3
Q

what is the size of heart for men and women?

A

size of clenched fist
women - 255 g (9 oz)
men - 310 g (10.9 oz)

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4
Q

the anterior chest area that overlies
the heart and great vessels is called

A

precordium

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5
Q

what circulation does the right side of the heart do to pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange?

A

pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

what circulation does the left side of the heart do to pump blood to all other parts of the body?

A

systemic circulation

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7
Q

what do you call to the large veins and arteries leading directly to and away
from the heart

A

great vessels

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8
Q

a large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body

A

vena cava

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9
Q

they are veins that return blood to the right = atrium from the upper and lower torso

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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10
Q

are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of your body’s cells.

A

artery

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11
Q

transport deoxygenated blood from the right side (right ventricle) of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

A

pulmonary artery

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12
Q

blood vessels that transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

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13
Q

transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

A

aorta

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14
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

upper chambers: left and right atria
lower chambers: left and right ventricles

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15
Q

The right and left sides of the heart
are separated by a partition called

A

septum

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16
Q

which is thicker atria or ventricles?

A

ventricles

note: The thin-walled atria receive blood returning to the heart and pump blood into
the ventricles. The thicker-walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because the left side of the heart has a greater workload.

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17
Q

what valve is located in at the entrance of ventricles?

A

atrioventricular valve

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18
Q

two types of av valve?

A

tricuspid valve and the bicuspid (mitral) valve.

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19
Q

it it is composed of three cusps, or flaps, and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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20
Q

it is composed of two cusps and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

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21
Q

what collagen fibers anchor the AV valve flaps to papillary muscles within the ventricles

A

chordae tendineae

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22
Q

what valve is located at the exit of each ventricle at the beginning of the great vessels

A

semilunar valves

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23
Q

what are two types of semilunar valve

A

pulmonic valve
aortic valve

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24
Q

it is located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as it exits the right ventricle

A

pulmonic valve

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25
Q

it is located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as it exits the left ventricle.

A

aortic valve

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26
Q

it is a tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibro-serous sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart

A

pericardium

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27
Q

Serous membrane lining that secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for
smooth, friction-free movement of the heart.

A

Parietal pericardium

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28
Q

serous membrane covers the outer surface of the heart

A

epicardium

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29
Q

is the thickest layer of the heart, made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells

A

myocardium

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30
Q

is a thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

endocardium

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31
Q

is located on the posterior wall of the right atrium near the junction of the superior and inferior vena cava.
it inherits and generate impulse at a rate of 60-100 per minute

A

Sinoatrial node (SA Node)

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32
Q

located in the lower interatrial septum, slightly delays incoming electrical impulses from the atria and then relays the impulse to
the AV bundle (bundle of His)

A

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

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33
Q

peacemaker of the heart

A

SA node (sinoatrial node)

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34
Q

_______ are generated by the SA node and travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit, can be detected on the surface of the skin. It can be also recorded through ___________ that records the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac muscle.

A
  1. Electrical impulses
  2. Electrocardiography (ECG)
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35
Q

phases of ECG

A

P, Q, R, S. T

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36
Q

refers to the filling and emptying of the heart’s
chambers.

A

Cardiac cycle

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37
Q

what are the two phases of cardiac cycle

Clue: DRF | SCE

A

Diastole - relaxation of the ventricles known as FILLING (2/3 of the CC)

Systole - contraction of the ventricles known as EMPTYING (1/3 of the CC)

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38
Q

early, rapid, passive filling of the blood through the atria into the ventricles is called?

A

early or protodiastolic filling

39
Q

what is the final active filling phase of the blood

A

presystole, atrial systole, or sometimes called as ATRIAL KICK

40
Q

what causes the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) to shut?

A

due to the large amount of blood in the ventricles, causing the pressure in the ventricles to be higher than in the atria.

41
Q

what produces the first heart sound or the S1 which is also the beginning of systole?

A

closure of av valves

42
Q

a process in which the valve prevents blood from flowing backward

A

regurgitation

43
Q

what produces the second heart sound which is the S2 it is also the signal of the end of systole?

A

when the ventricular becomes empty, ventricular pressure falls and the semilunar valves close

44
Q

what produces heart sounds?

A

valve closure

45
Q

what is the characteristics of normal heart sounds?

A

“lub dubb” (S1 & S2)

46
Q

where do you usually hear the S1 or the lub sound?

A

may be heard
over the entire precordium but is heard best at the apex

47
Q

is the result of closure of the AV valves: the mitral and tricuspid valves

A

S1

48
Q

results from closure of the
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) and correlates with
the beginning of diastole.

A

S2

49
Q

If S2 is heard as two distinct sounds, it is called

A

split s2

50
Q

where can you usually hear the s2 sound?

A

at the base of the heart

51
Q

This occurs when the mitral valve is wide open and closes quickly.

A

accumulated S1

52
Q

This occurs when the mitral
valve is not fully open at the time of ventricular contraction and valve closing.

A

diminished s1

53
Q

This occurs when the left and right ventricles contract at different times (asynchronous ventricular contraction).

A

Split s1

54
Q

This occurs when the mitral valve is in different positions when contraction
occurs.

A

Varying s1

55
Q

it is the result of the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

A

s2

56
Q

means that S2 is louder than S1. This occurs in conditions
in which the aortic or pulmonic valve has a higher closing pressure.

A

Accentuated s2

57
Q

means that S2 is softer than S1. This occurs in conditions
in which the aortic or pulmonic valves have decreased mobility.

A

diminished s2

58
Q

are referred to as diastolic filling sounds, or extra heart
sounds, which result from ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling

A

S3 and s4

59
Q

s3 and s4 are often termed as?

A

s3 ventricular gallop
S4 atrial gallop

60
Q

A whooshing or swishing — made by rapid, choppy (turbulent) blood flow through the heart that is usually hear in precordium thru auscultation

A

murmurs

61
Q

what are the conditions that contribute to turbulent
blood flow or murmurs

A
  • increased blood velocity
  • structural valve defects
  • valve malfunction
  • abnormal chamber openings
62
Q

is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time (usually 1 minute) and is determined by the stroke volume (SV) multiplied by the heart rate (HR): SV × HR = CO.

A

cardiac output

63
Q

what is the normal adult cardiac output?

A

5 to 6 L/MIN

64
Q

is the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction (stroke volume from the left ventricle is usually 70 mL)

A

Stroke volume

65
Q

what are the traditional areas of auscultation

A
  • aortic area
    -pulmonic area
  • erb’s point
  • mitral (apical) area
  • tricuspid area
66
Q

it is usually described as a sensation of squeezing around the heart

A

Angina (cardiac chest pain)

67
Q

excessive or abnormal sweating for no apparent reason

A

diaphoresis

68
Q

refers to shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

69
Q

heartbeat faster than 100 beats per minute, may be seen with weak heart muscles, an attempt by the cardiac heart input

A

Tachycardia

70
Q

an irregular heart beat, a problem with the rate or rhythm of heartbeat

A

Arrythmia

71
Q

it may cause the client to feel anxious and may occur with an abnormality of the hearts conduction system

A

palpations

72
Q

a feeling of constant exhaustion, burnout or lack of energy. May results from compromised cardiac output

A

fatigue

73
Q

occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis).

A

myocardial ischemia

74
Q

colloquially known as “heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium

A

myocardial infarction

75
Q

is the need to sit up more up-right to breathe easily due to fluid accumulation in the lungs

A

Orthopnea

76
Q

is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position.

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

77
Q

fluid accumulation in the lungs from heart failure can cause one to cough up?

A

white or pink-tinged sputum (phlegm)

78
Q

what causes a person to be dizzy?

A
  • decreased blood flow to the brain due to myocardial damage
  • inner ear syndromes
  • decreased cerebral circulation and hypotension
79
Q

a condition where you wake up at night with an urgent need to urinate

A

nocturia

80
Q

swelling caused by too much fluid in the tissue

A

edema

81
Q

a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

82
Q

is the imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Dyslipidemia

83
Q

a type of heart disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart

A

coronary heart disease

84
Q

what medicine should be taken before intercourse as a prophylactic for chest pain?

A

nitroglycerin

85
Q

is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid, deep breathing at a consistent pace.

A

Kussmaul breathing

86
Q

an inspiratory increase in venous pressure that occurs in client with severe constrictive pericarditis

A

Kussmaul Sign

87
Q

Distention, bulging or protrusion of jugular vein at 45, 60 or 90 degrees may indicate what?

A

right sided heart failure

88
Q

a blowing or swishing sound cause by turbulent blood flow through a narrowed blood vessel

A

bruit

89
Q

What is the normal pulse?

A

equally strong, +2 with no variation in strength from beat to beat. Contour is normally smooth and rapid

90
Q

What are the Pulse Amplitude scale?

A

0= absent
1+ = weak, diminished, easy to obliterate
2+ = normal (obliterate with moderate pressure
3+ = strong (obliterate with firm pressure)
4+ = bounding (unable to obliterate

91
Q

this is a result of an enlarged ventricle from an overload of work

A

pulsations that are also called heaves or lifts

92
Q

heart beat less that 60 beat per minute

A

bradycardia

93
Q
A

HEALTH ASSESSMENT (18 decks)

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