CARDIO-HA Flashcards
a highly complex, consisting of the
heart and a closed system of blood vessels
cardiovascular system
It is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered (left and right
atria, and left and right ventricles) organ located in the middle
of the thoracic cavity between the lungs in the space called the
mediastinum
Heart
what is the size of heart for men and women?
size of clenched fist
women - 255 g (9 oz)
men - 310 g (10.9 oz)
the anterior chest area that overlies
the heart and great vessels is called
precordium
what circulation does the right side of the heart do to pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange?
pulmonary circulation
what circulation does the left side of the heart do to pump blood to all other parts of the body?
systemic circulation
what do you call to the large veins and arteries leading directly to and away
from the heart
great vessels
a large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body
vena cava
they are veins that return blood to the right = atrium from the upper and lower torso
superior and inferior vena cava
are the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of your body’s cells.
artery
transport deoxygenated blood from the right side (right ventricle) of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary artery
blood vessels that transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria of the heart
pulmonary veins
transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
aorta
what are the 4 chambers of the heart
upper chambers: left and right atria
lower chambers: left and right ventricles
The right and left sides of the heart
are separated by a partition called
septum
which is thicker atria or ventricles?
ventricles
note: The thin-walled atria receive blood returning to the heart and pump blood into
the ventricles. The thicker-walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because the left side of the heart has a greater workload.
what valve is located in at the entrance of ventricles?
atrioventricular valve
two types of av valve?
tricuspid valve and the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
it it is composed of three cusps, or flaps, and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
it is composed of two cusps and is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
bicuspid (mitral) valve
what collagen fibers anchor the AV valve flaps to papillary muscles within the ventricles
chordae tendineae
what valve is located at the exit of each ventricle at the beginning of the great vessels
semilunar valves
what are two types of semilunar valve
pulmonic valve
aortic valve
it is located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as it exits the right ventricle
pulmonic valve
it is located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as it exits the left ventricle.
aortic valve
it is a tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibro-serous sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart
pericardium
Serous membrane lining that secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for
smooth, friction-free movement of the heart.
Parietal pericardium
serous membrane covers the outer surface of the heart
epicardium
is the thickest layer of the heart, made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells
myocardium
is a thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels
endocardium
is located on the posterior wall of the right atrium near the junction of the superior and inferior vena cava.
it inherits and generate impulse at a rate of 60-100 per minute
Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
located in the lower interatrial septum, slightly delays incoming electrical impulses from the atria and then relays the impulse to
the AV bundle (bundle of His)
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
peacemaker of the heart
SA node (sinoatrial node)
_______ are generated by the SA node and travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit, can be detected on the surface of the skin. It can be also recorded through ___________ that records the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac muscle.
- Electrical impulses
- Electrocardiography (ECG)
phases of ECG
P, Q, R, S. T
refers to the filling and emptying of the heart’s
chambers.
Cardiac cycle
what are the two phases of cardiac cycle
Clue: DRF | SCE
Diastole - relaxation of the ventricles known as FILLING (2/3 of the CC)
Systole - contraction of the ventricles known as EMPTYING (1/3 of the CC)
early, rapid, passive filling of the blood through the atria into the ventricles is called?
early or protodiastolic filling
what is the final active filling phase of the blood
presystole, atrial systole, or sometimes called as ATRIAL KICK
what causes the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) to shut?
due to the large amount of blood in the ventricles, causing the pressure in the ventricles to be higher than in the atria.
what produces the first heart sound or the S1 which is also the beginning of systole?
closure of av valves
a process in which the valve prevents blood from flowing backward
regurgitation
what produces the second heart sound which is the S2 it is also the signal of the end of systole?
when the ventricular becomes empty, ventricular pressure falls and the semilunar valves close
what produces heart sounds?
valve closure
what is the characteristics of normal heart sounds?
“lub dubb” (S1 & S2)
where do you usually hear the S1 or the lub sound?
may be heard
over the entire precordium but is heard best at the apex
is the result of closure of the AV valves: the mitral and tricuspid valves
S1
results from closure of the
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) and correlates with
the beginning of diastole.
S2
If S2 is heard as two distinct sounds, it is called
split s2
where can you usually hear the s2 sound?
at the base of the heart
This occurs when the mitral valve is wide open and closes quickly.
accumulated S1
This occurs when the mitral
valve is not fully open at the time of ventricular contraction and valve closing.
diminished s1
This occurs when the left and right ventricles contract at different times (asynchronous ventricular contraction).
Split s1
This occurs when the mitral valve is in different positions when contraction
occurs.
Varying s1
it is the result of the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves
s2
means that S2 is louder than S1. This occurs in conditions
in which the aortic or pulmonic valve has a higher closing pressure.
Accentuated s2
means that S2 is softer than S1. This occurs in conditions
in which the aortic or pulmonic valves have decreased mobility.
diminished s2
are referred to as diastolic filling sounds, or extra heart
sounds, which result from ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling
S3 and s4
s3 and s4 are often termed as?
s3 ventricular gallop
S4 atrial gallop
A whooshing or swishing — made by rapid, choppy (turbulent) blood flow through the heart that is usually hear in precordium thru auscultation
murmurs
what are the conditions that contribute to turbulent
blood flow or murmurs
- increased blood velocity
- structural valve defects
- valve malfunction
- abnormal chamber openings
is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time (usually 1 minute) and is determined by the stroke volume (SV) multiplied by the heart rate (HR): SV × HR = CO.
cardiac output
what is the normal adult cardiac output?
5 to 6 L/MIN
is the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction (stroke volume from the left ventricle is usually 70 mL)
Stroke volume
what are the traditional areas of auscultation
- aortic area
-pulmonic area - erb’s point
- mitral (apical) area
- tricuspid area
it is usually described as a sensation of squeezing around the heart
Angina (cardiac chest pain)
excessive or abnormal sweating for no apparent reason
diaphoresis
refers to shortness of breath
dyspnea
heartbeat faster than 100 beats per minute, may be seen with weak heart muscles, an attempt by the cardiac heart input
Tachycardia
an irregular heart beat, a problem with the rate or rhythm of heartbeat
Arrythmia
it may cause the client to feel anxious and may occur with an abnormality of the hearts conduction system
palpations
a feeling of constant exhaustion, burnout or lack of energy. May results from compromised cardiac output
fatigue
occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis).
myocardial ischemia
colloquially known as “heart attack,” is caused by decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium
myocardial infarction
is the need to sit up more up-right to breathe easily due to fluid accumulation in the lungs
Orthopnea
is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep, and is usually relieved in the upright position.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
fluid accumulation in the lungs from heart failure can cause one to cough up?
white or pink-tinged sputum (phlegm)
what causes a person to be dizzy?
- decreased blood flow to the brain due to myocardial damage
- inner ear syndromes
- decreased cerebral circulation and hypotension
a condition where you wake up at night with an urgent need to urinate
nocturia
swelling caused by too much fluid in the tissue
edema
a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
is the imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Dyslipidemia
a type of heart disease where the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart
coronary heart disease
what medicine should be taken before intercourse as a prophylactic for chest pain?
nitroglycerin
is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid, deep breathing at a consistent pace.
Kussmaul breathing
an inspiratory increase in venous pressure that occurs in client with severe constrictive pericarditis
Kussmaul Sign
Distention, bulging or protrusion of jugular vein at 45, 60 or 90 degrees may indicate what?
right sided heart failure
a blowing or swishing sound cause by turbulent blood flow through a narrowed blood vessel
bruit
What is the normal pulse?
equally strong, +2 with no variation in strength from beat to beat. Contour is normally smooth and rapid
What are the Pulse Amplitude scale?
0= absent
1+ = weak, diminished, easy to obliterate
2+ = normal (obliterate with moderate pressure
3+ = strong (obliterate with firm pressure)
4+ = bounding (unable to obliterate
this is a result of an enlarged ventricle from an overload of work
pulsations that are also called heaves or lifts
heart beat less that 60 beat per minute
bradycardia
