New and improved immune system Flashcards
what are pathogens
microorganisms that cause communicable diseases, trigger an immune response
what are the four types of microorganisms that can cause communicable diseases
viruses, bacteria, Protoctista, fungi
name two diseases caused by bacteria
smallpox and bacterial meningitis
what is the name of the disease caused by bacteria that kills tomatoes and potatoes
ring rot
what are the two methods of direct transmission of pathogens between animals
direct contact and droplets
what are the two methods of indirect transmission of pathogens between animals
vectors, ingestion of contaminated food and water
name four vectors which may transmit a pathogen from an infected individual
organisms, water, air and spores
Name four factors which can increase the chances of transmission of a communicable disease between humans.
- population density of an area
- A lack of trained healthcare workers
- A lack of health education
- Climate change
what are two methods of indirect transmission of pathogens between plants
soil contamination and vectors
Name three factors which can affect transmission of a communicable disease between plants.
- Growing crops susceptible to infection
- Growing crops in damp and warm environments
- overcrowding in soil
Give three examples of physical barriers which help plants prevent the entry of pathogens.
1.Waxy cuticles
2.Closing stomata
3.Thick cellulose cell walls
Name two methods used by plants to prevent the spread of infection
To prevent the spread of infection, plants produce callose or detach the infected part in a process called abscission.
Where is callose deposited to help prevent the spread of a pathogen in a plant?
Callose is deposited between the cell surface membrane and the cell wall.
how chemicals produced by plants help defend against pathogens
by killing and repelling them, or preventing their growth
what are the three main barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body in humans
skin, mucous membranes and expulsive reflexes
Name two defence mechanisms, other than barrier defences, which prevent pathogens entering the body in animals.
Blood clotting and wound repair.
how does inflammation help defend against pathogens
blood vessels dilate which makes them more permeable and allows fluid to enter, this allows more blood to come in which contains white blood cells to help defend against the pathogen
