cloning Flashcards
what is vegetative propagation
Plants can reproduce without fertilisation to produce genetically identical clones.
what are meristems
tissue in roots and tips which can produce clones
what are the four methods of natural cloning in plants
runners, tubers, bulbs and rhizomes
what are the steps of cloning a plant using a cutting
part of the stem of a healthy is removed, dipped in growth hormone and then placed in soil in a covered pot.
what are the advantages to cloning a plant using a cutting
it doesnt require expensive equipment, it doesnt require much skill, it is quicker than growing plants from seed
what are the disadvantages of cloning a plant using a cutting
a limited number of clones are produced from one plant, all the offspring are susceptible to the same disease, some plants are difficult to grow this way
what are the steps of micropropagation
First, a small sample of meristem tissue, called an explant, is taken from a healthy plant.
Then, the sample is sterilised to reduce the chances of contamination.
Next, the sample is cultured with growth hormones causing a mass of cells, called a callus, to grow.
Finally, this mass of cells is divided and grown in new cultures to form plantlets, which are potted.
what are the advantages to micropropagation
it rapidly produces a large number of clones, the plants can be grown at any time, it can grow plants which are difficult to grow from seeds
what are the disadvantages to micropropagation
it requires expensive equipment, all of the clones are susceptible to the same disease, it requires a lot of skill
in animals how do natural clones form
After the fertilisation of a single egg, the embryo splits, forming twins or more multiples.
Explain how biologists carry out artificial embryo twinning.
First, an egg cell is extracted from a female animal and fertilised in the lab.
Then, as the embryo develops, it is split into single cells.
Next, these cells develop into new embryos which are identical.
Finally, each embryo is placed into different surrogate animals which then give birth to clones.
Explain how biologists carry out somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
First, scientists select an animal to be cloned and extract the nucleus from a somatic body cell.
Next, scientists select a different animal of that species and extract an unfertilised egg.
They then remove the nucleus from this cell, in a process called enucleation.
Next, an electric shock combines the body cell nucleus with the empty cell, in a process called electrofusion.
Finally, the resulting embryo is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate animal.
what are the arguments for artificial cloning in animals
It allows scientists to clone animals with desired characteristics.
They can produce stem cells to grow tissues and organs.
It allows scientists to clone genetically modified animals for medicine development.
what is biotechnology
Biotechnology is the industrial use of living organisms to make products for human use.
what are the advantages of using microorganisms to make food
microorganisms reproduce quickly, microorganisms can be grown using waste products, they produce healthier foods which are high in protein and low in cholesterol, they grow in low temperatures
what are the disadvantages of using microorganisms to make food
contamination may spoil food produced a pose a health risk, people may not want to eat the food produced, the foods produced often need chemicals added to give them more flavour
what is adsorption
A method of immobilisation involves bonding an enzyme to an inert material using ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions.
what is entrapment
This involves trapping the enzyme in a matrix, such as collagen, which prevents the enzyme from moving.
what are the advantages of using immobilised enzymes
They reduce downstream processing
The enzymes are easy to recover and reuse.
The temperature tolerance of the enzyme is increased.
what are the disadvantages of using immobilised enzymes
Producing immobilised enzymes is expensive.
The enzymes may become detached.
Immobilisation can change the shape of the active site.
