hormones

Question 1

what system uses hormones

Answer 1

the endocrine system

Question 2

what is an endocrine gland

Answer 2

a group of cells which are specialised to secrete chemicals (hormones)

Question 3

what is the pituitary gland and where is it

Answer 3

produces growth hormone which controls growth of bones and muscles, also produces anti-diuretic hormone which increases reabsorption of water in kidneys gonadotrophins which control development of testes and ovaries

Question 4

what does the thyroid gland do

Answer 4

produces thyroxine which controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration and promotes growth

Question 5

what does the adrenal gland do

Answer 5

produces adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate and increases blood sugar level,

Question 6

what do the Testis do

Answer 6

produces testosterone which controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

Question 7

what does the pineal gland do

Answer 7

produces melatonin which affects reproductive development and daily cycles

Question 8

what does the thymus do

Answer 8

produces thymosin which promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

Question 9

what does the pancreas do

Answer 9

produces insulin which converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and glucagon which converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver

Question 10

what does the ovary do

Answer 10

produces oestrogen which controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics, and progesterone and oestrogen which controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics, and progesterone which prepares the uterus lining for receiving an embryo

Question 11

what two parts are the adrenal glands made up of

Answer 11

the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Question 12

what hormones does the adrenal cortex produce

Answer 12

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

Question 13

what hormones does the adrenal medulla produce

Answer 13

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 14

what are the three important digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas

Answer 14

amylases, proteases and lipases

Question 15

what two hormones does the pancreas produce

Answer 15

insulin and glucagon

Question 16

what hormone do the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete

Answer 16

glucagon

Question 17

what hormone do the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete

Answer 17

insulin

Question 18

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 18

glycogen stored in the liver and muscle cells is broken down into glucose which is released into the bloodstream increasing blood glucose concentration

Question 19

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 19

the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 20

how can blood glucose be decreased

Answer 20

exercise and glycogenesis

Question 21

what is glycogenesis

Answer 21

the production of glycogen, when blood glucose concentration is too high, excess glucose taken in through the diet is converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver

Question 22

what detects if the blood glucose concentration is too high

Answer 22

the b cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Question 23

what does insulin do to body cells when the blood glucose concentration is too high

Answer 23

binds to the glycoprotein receptors on cells and causes the tertiary structure of the glucose transport protein channels to change causing the channels to open more and allow more glucose in

Question 24

how does insulin decrease the blood glucose concentration

Answer 24

increasing rate of glucose absorption in cells (particularly skeletal), increasing respiratory rate in cells, increases rate of glycogenesis, increasing the rate of glucose to fat conversion, inhibiting release of glucagon from a cells in the islets of Langerhans

Question 25

why does insulin have to be constantly secreted to maintain its effect

Answer 25

it is broken down by enzymes in the liver cells

Question 26

what cells in the body have glucagon receptors

Answer 26

liver and fat cells

Question 27

how does glucagon raise the blood glucose concentration

Answer 27

glycogenolysis, reducing the amount of glucose absorbed by the liver cells, increasing gluconeogenesis

Question 28

how does insulin secretion from a b cell work

Answer 28

glucose enters the cell by a glucose transporter and is metabolised inside the mitochondria resulting in the production of ATP, which binds to potassium channels and makes them close therefore depolarisation occurs and calcium channels open which allows calcium in which causes secretory vesicles to releases the insulin they contain by exocytosis

Question 29

what causes type 1 diabetes

Answer 29

B cells in islets of Langerhans are unable to produce insulin

Question 30

what causes type 2 diabetes

Answer 30

can arise from glycoprotein receptors being lost or being less responsive to insulin, or from insufficient insulin production in the pancreas.

Question 31

what are the physical responses to the flight of fight

Answer 31

increased heart rate, dilate pupils, constricted arterioles, increased blood glucose levels, smooth muscle of airways relax, non-essential systems shut down, difficulty focusing on small tasks