chapter 7 and 8 test ( not finished )

Question 1

why do single celled organisms only use only diffusion to supply themselves with oxygen

Answer 1

large SA:V ratio, low metabolic activity means less CO2 and O2 production and need is lower

Question 2

what are the characteristic features of effective exchange surfaces

Answer 2

good blood supply, thin layers, increased surface area, ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient

Question 3

what are important features of the nasal cavity

Answer 3

a large surface area with a good blood supply warms the air
a hairy lining that secretes mucus
moist surfaces

Question 4

features of mammalian trachea

Answer 4

lined with incomplete rings of cartilage
lined with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

Question 5

Bronchus?

Answer 5

small trachea

Question 6

Bronchioles?

Answer 6

no cartilage rings, walls of smooth muscle which can contract and dilate to control the amount of air reaching the lungs,

Question 7

Alveoli

Answer 7

tiny air sacs, contain collagen, elastic fibres which allow the alveoli to stretch as air is drawn in, when they return to resting size air is squeezed out, elastic recoil

Question 8

adaptations of alveoli?

Answer 8

large surface area, thin layer, good blood supply, good ventilation, lung surfactant

Question 9

inspiration

Answer 9

diaphragm contracts, flattening and lowering, external intercostal muscles contract moving ribs upwards and outwards, volume of thorax increases so pressure is reduced, air is drawn in

Question 10

expiration

Answer 10

diaphragm relaxes moving it up, external intercostal muscles relax so ribs move down and inwards, alveoli return to normal shape, volume of thorax decreases, air moves out of the lungs

Question 11

forcible expiration

Answer 11

internal intercostal muscles contract to pull ribs down hard and fast

Question 12

what can you use to measure different aspects of lung volume

Answer 12

spirometer

Question 13

tidal volume

Answer 13

volume that moves in and out of the lungs with each resting breath

Question 14

vital capacity

Answer 14

volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest possible intake of breath

Question 15

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation

Question 16

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

extra amount of air you can force out of your lungs over and above the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

Question 17

residual volume

Answer 17

volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible

Question 18

total lung capacity

Answer 18

sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume

Question 19

how to calculate ventilation rate

Answer 19

tidal volume x breathing rate per minute

Question 20

what are spiracles

Answer 20

small openings in the thorax and abdomen of an insect where air enters and leaves the system. Can be open an shut by spiracle sphincters to control water loss

Question 21

insect tracheae

Answer 21

carry air into the body, lined with spirals of chitin which keeps them open

Question 22

insect tracheoles

Answer 22

greatly elongated cell with no chitin so are permeable to gases

Question 23

how do some bugs increase the level of gaseous exchange to supply extra oxygen needed

Answer 23

mechanical ventilation of the tracheal system, collapsible enlarges tracheae or air sacs

Question 24

adaptations of gills

Answer 24

large surface area, good blood supply, thin layers and there is a protective operculum,

Question 25

how does a fish's mouth aid in ventilation of the gills

Answer 25

when opened the floor of the buccal cavity is lowered which decreases volume of buccal cavity, at the same time the opercular valve is shut and the opercular cavity expands which lowers pressure in the opercular cavity, as mouth moves up it increases pressure moving the water over the gills

Question 26

what are the extra special adaptations of gills

Answer 26

tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap which slows down movement of water which allows for more time for gaseous exchange, water can move in countercurrents which creates a steeper concentration gradient

Question 27

why are specialised transport systems needed in some organisms

Answer 27

high demands, small SA:V ratio, hormones and enzymes are needed in a different place to where they were made, food nutrients needs to be transported all around the body, waste products need to be removed

Question 28

where are open circulatory systems found

Answer 28

insects and some molluscs

Question 29

where single closed circulatory systems found

Answer 29

fish and annelid worms

Question 30

where are double closed circulatory systems found

Answer 30

mammals

Question 31

gimme some important info on arteries

Answer 31

the walls contain elastic fibres, smooth muscle and collagen, elastic fibres allow them to withstand the force and volume of blood and recoil to even out surges, smooth muscle so blood flows easily over it, small lumen to maintain high blood pressure

Question 32

tell me about some arterioles

Answer 32

link arteries and capillaries, more smooth muscle and less elastin, can contract and dilate to control flow of blood, smooth muscle allows for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 33

TELL ME BOUT DEM capillaries

Answer 33

small lumen to fit in between all the cells, capillary walls are one cell thick, slow movement of blood for more time for diffusion

Question 34

veins, gimme that sweet info

Answer 34

valves to prevent backflow, movement of muscles act as a pump

Question 35

functions of blood?

Answer 35

carry round CO and O2, digested food from small intestine, nitrogenous waste products to excretory organs, hormones, food molecules from storage compounds, platelets, cells and antibodies, maintains steady body temperature, minimises pH changes

Question 36

tissue fluid?

Answer 36

facilitates exchange, helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products

Question 37

Lymph

Answer 37

maintains fluid levels by removing fluid that leaks out of our blood vessels