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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > CELL DIVISION > Flashcards

CELL DIVISION Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

a highly ordered sequence of events that takes place in a cell, resulting in division of the cell and the formation of two genetically different daughter cells

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2
Q

what is interphase

A

a period of growth and normal working separate divisions, cell spends most of its time there

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3
Q

what are the three stages of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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4
Q

what happens in the G1 stage

A

the first growth phase: proteins from which organelles are synthesised are produced and organelles replicate. the cell increases in size

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5
Q

what happens in the synthesis stage of interphase

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus

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6
Q

what happens in the G2 stage of interphase

A

the second growth phase, the cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased, and the duplicated DNA is checked for errors

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7
Q

what are the stages of the mitotic phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

what is the GO phase

A

the name given to the phase when the cell leaves the cell, permanently or temporarily, because of differentiation, cell DNA damaged

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9
Q

what is mitosis needed for

A

asexual reproduction, growth and repair, genetically identical daughter cells

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10
Q

what happens during prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane breaks down, centrioles migrate to opposite poles

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11
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

the chromosomes re moved by the spindle fibres to the metaphase plate

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12
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

chromosomes are split at there centromeres into two separate chromatids which move to the opposite poles of the cell

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13
Q

what happens during telophase

A

the nuclear envelope reforms, the chromosomes decondense, cytokinesis begins

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14
Q

what different happens in prophase 1

A

homologous chromosomes pair up, forming bivalents, chromosomes are moved around causing crossing over of chromatids

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15
Q

what different happens in metaphase 1

A

the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, random orientation causes variation called independent assortment

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16
Q

how is anaphase 1 different

A

homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and the chromatids stay together, sections of DNA become entangles resulting in exchange of DNA, forms recombinant chromatids

17
Q

how is metaphase 2 different

A

more independent assortment and genetic variation, individual chromosomes assemble on metaphase plate

18
Q

how are RBD adapted to their function.

A

flattened bioconcave shape to increase SA:V. No nuclei or many other organelles to increase space for haemoglobin, flexible to squeeze through capillaries

19
Q

how are neutrophils adapted to their role

A

multi-lobed nucleus, which makes it easier to squeeze through small gaps. Granular cytoplasm contains many lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens

20
Q

how are sperms adapted to their role

A

flagellum, so are capable of movement, contain many mitochondria to supply energy needed to swim, acrosome on the head of sperms contains digestive enzymes which are released to digest protective layers around the ovum and allow sperms to penetrate

21
Q

how are palisade cells adapted to their role

A

contain chloroplasts to absorb large amounts of light for photosynthesis, rectangular box shape allows for them to be closely packed together, thin cells walls increasing rate of diffusion of CO2 large vacuous to maintain turgor pressure, chloroplasts can move within cytoplasm to absorb more light

22
Q

hare root hair cells adapted to their function

A

root hairs to increase surface area of cell to maximise water and mineral uptake from the soil

23
Q

how are guard cells adapted to their function

A

change shape when lose water as a result of osmotic forces, closes stoma to prevent further water loss, cell wall of a guard cell is thicker on one side so the cell doesn’t change shape symmetrically as its volume changes

24
Q

how is squamous epithelium adapted to its function

A

one cell thick for rapid diffusion, forms lining of the lungs

25
Q

how are ciliated epithelium adapted for their function

A

cilia that move in a rhythmic manner to sweep away substances such as mucus, goblet cells release mucus to trap unwanted particles

26
Q

how is cartliga adapted to its function

A

contains fibres of the proteins elastin and collagen so is firm and flexible, prevents bones from rubbing and causing damage

27
Q

how is muscle adapted for its function

A

skeletal muscle fibres contain myofibrils which contain contractile proteins

28
Q

how is the epidermis adapted to its function

A

covered by a waxy, waterproof cuticle to reduce loss of water, stomata present to allow CO2 in and out, and water vapour and oxygen in out

29
Q

how is the xylem tissue adapted to its function

A

walls of the dead cells are strengthened with lignin which provides structural support

30
Q

how is the phloem tissue adapted to its function

A

composed of columns of sieve tube cells separated by perforated walls called sieve platesb

31
Q

what are totipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into any type of cell and also extra-embryonic tissues like the amnion and umbilicus e.g fertilised egg cell

32
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells

A

can form all tissue types but not whole organisms, present in early embryos and are the origin of the different types of tissue within an organism

33
Q

what are multipotent stem cells

A

can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue

34
Q

what diseases could be treated with stem cells

A

heart disease, type 1 diabetes, parkinsons disease, alzheimers disease, macula degeneration. birth defects, spinal injuries,

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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