BASIC COMPONENTS OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Question 1

description of cell membrane

Answer 1

found on the surface of animal cells and inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells, made of mainly lipids and protein

Question 2

function of cell surface membrane

Answer 2

regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell, also has receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 3

description of cell wall

Answer 3

rigid structure that surrounds plant cells, made of the carbohydrate cellulose

Question 4

function of cell wall

Answer 4

supports plant cells and gives rigidity

Question 5

description of nucleus

Answer 5

consist of nucleoplasm that contains chromatin, separated from cell contents by nuclear envelope with many openings called nuclear pores

Question 6

function of the nucleus

Answer 6

control protein synthesis, metabolism, cell division, growth and differentiation, and store genetic information coded into DNA

Question 7

structure and function of nucleolus

Answer 7

composed of RNA and protein and produces ribosomes

Question 8

description of lysosome

Answer 8

round organelle surrounded by membrane with no clear internal structure

Question 9

function of lysosome

Answer 9

contains digestive hydrolytic enzymes, which are kept separate from cell contents by a membrane, can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell

Question 10

description if ribosomes

Answer 10

small organelle that floats free or attached to RER, made of proteins and RNA

Question 11

function if ribosomes

Answer 11

site of protein synthesis

Question 12

describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

system of membranes that is continuous with the nucleus, with ribosomes on the outer surface. Site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins

Question 13

what is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

system of membranes with no ribosomes on the outer surface. Site of synthesis, storage and transportation, and carbohydrates

Question 14

4 functions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 14

1. produces secretory enzymes and carbohydrates
2. stores and modifies proteins and triglycerides
3. forms vesicles for transporting proteins/triglycerides
4. forms lysosomes

Question 15

description of vesicle

Answer 15

small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane

Question 16

function of vesicles

Answer 16

transports substances in or out of the cell or between organelles, formed at cell surface, golgi and endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

description of mitochondrion

Answer 17

oval shaped with a double membrane, inner one is folded to form structures called cristae, inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration

Question 18

function of mitochondrion

Answer 18

site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

Question 19

description of chloroplasts

Answer 19

found in plant cells, double membrane which has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes which are stacked up in some parts to form grana which are linked together by lamellae

Question 20

function of chloroplasts

Answer 20

site where photosynthesis takes place, some happen in the grana and other parts in the stroma

Question 21

description of centrioles

Answer 21

hollow cylinders made of microtubules found in some animal cells but only some plant cells

Question 22

function of centrioles

Answer 22

involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division

Question 23

description of cilia

Answer 23

small hair like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells, 9+2 formation

Question 24

function if cilia

Answer 24

microtubules allow the cilia to move, which is used by the cell to transport substances along the cell surface

Question 25

description of flagellum

Answer 25

like cilia but longer stick out from the cell surface

Question 26

function of flagellum

Answer 26

microtubules contract to make the flagellum move, which is used to propel the cell forward

Question 27

what are the first steps to protein production

Answer 27

ribosomes on RER make proteins that are excreted or attached to cell membranes, and free ribosomes make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm

Question 28

what happens to proteins produced at the rough ER

Answer 28

folded and processed in rough ER and then transported to the golgi apparatus in vesicles

Question 29

what happens to the proteins at the golgi apparatus and after

Answer 29

further processing, then enter vesicles to be transported around the cell

Question 30

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 30

microfilaments made of actin, microtubules made of tubulin and intermediate filaments

Question 31

what are the four functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 31

to give the cell shape and stability, move organelles around the cell, allow cell movement and contraction, and enable movement of chromosomes during nuclear division

Question 32

what are some key differences between eukaryotic ans prokaryotic cells

Answer 32

pro - DNA is circular, no nucleus, cell wall made of polysaccharide, no membrane bound organelles, flagellum arranged in helix, small ribosomes
euk - DNA is linear, nucleus, cell wall made of cellulose or chitin, membrane bound organelles, flagella made of microtubules, larger ribosomes

Question 33

how to calculate magnification

Answer 33

image size / object size

Question 34

describe light microscopes

Answer 34

use light, lower resolution, max magnification is X 1500

Question 35

describe Laser Scanning Conofocal Microscopes

Answer 35

use laser beams, specimen tagged with fluorescent dye, light focused through a pinhole onto a detector which is hooked up to a computer to give an image, 3D, cleare image, can be used on objects at different depths in thick specimens

Question 36

describe an electron microscope

Answer 36

use electrons to give an image, higher resolution than light microscopes, two kinds - TEM and SEM, TEM high resolution, although can only be used on thin specimens, SEM can be 3d but give lower resolution