NEW 3

Question 1

Amino acid sequence of protein is written…

Answer 1

in DNA

Question 2

RNA has a series of…

Answer 2

NONoverlapping three base “words” called codons

Question 3

Transcription rewrites the DNA —> RNA, substituting..

Answer 3

U for T
Uracil for Thymine

A + U in RNA**

Question 4

Each amino acid is…

Answer 4

specified by codon

Question 5

__ codons are possible

Answer 5

64

Question 6

Some amino acids have more than…

Answer 6

one possible codon

Question 7

Genetic code decides how codons are…

Answer 7

translated into amino acids

Question 8

Three nucleotides specify ONE…

Answer 8

amino acid in the genetic code

Question 9

61 codons correspond…

Answer 9

to amino acids

Question 10

AUG

Answer 10

• START of TRANSLATION

- codes for methionine

Question 11

3 “stop” codons signal…

Answer 11

end of translation

Question 12

Genetic Code

Answer 12

is universal, shared by organisms from simple to complex

Question 13

RNA molecule is _______ from gene

Answer 13

transcribed

Question 14

RNA polymerase

Answer 14

RNA nucleotides linked by transcription enzyme

Question 15

Promoter

Answer 15

nucleotide sequence signal = “start transcribing”

Question 15

Cap and tail of extra nucleotides are added to ends of the mRNA to…

Answer 15

• help RNA leave nucleus
• protect RNA from damaging enzymes
• help RIBOSOMES bind to mRNA

Question 16

INITIATION

Answer 16

RNA polymerase CONNECTS to promoter

Question 17

ELONGATION

Answer 17

• amino acids added ONE by ONE

- RNA grows longer

Question 18

Removes introns and joins exons producing continuos coding sequence

Answer 18

RNA splicing

Question 19

TERMINATION

Answer 19

• RNA polymerase reaches base in DNA template called TERMINATOR, signals the END of gene
• polymerase detaches from RNA molecule and gene

Question 20

tRNA molecules

picks up _____ _____ and brings them to _______

Answer 20

amino acids

cytoplasm

Question 21

Translation - can be divided into same…

Answer 21

three phases as transcription:

1 ) initiation

2) elongation
3) termination

Question 22

Ribosomes are composed of…

Answer 22

ribosomal rRNAs and protein

Question 23

Ribosomes have binding sites for…

Answer 23

mRNA and tRNAs

Question 24

Messenger RNA (mRNA)*

Answer 24

-encodes amino acid sequence

Question 25

tRNA molecules use special…

Answer 25

TRIPLET of bases called anticodon

Question 26

P site

Answer 26

first tRNA occupies the p site, which holds growing polypeptide chain

Question 28

A site

Answer 28

available for next tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 28

Translation termination

Answer 28

• ribosome reaches STOP codon
• completed polypeptide is released from the last tRNA
• ribosome goes back into separate subunits

Question 29

3 types of Mutations

Answer 29

1) base substitution
2) insertions
3) deletions

Question 30

anticodon

Answer 30

• triplet bases

- complements codons in mRNA

Question 31

Any change in nucleotide sequence of DNA

Answer 31

mutation

Question 32

Base substitution

Answer 32

1) have NO effect, silent mutation
2) leads to IMPROVED protein that helps enhance survival
3) nonsense mutation

Question 33

Mutations can involve large chromosomal regions or…

Answer 33

just single nucleotide pair

Question 34

Mutations caused by…

Answer 34

random errors during DNA replication

Question 35

Mutagens: cause _______

Answer 35

mutations

ex. high energy radiation, chemicals

Question 37

Nonsense mutation

Answer 37

CHANGES amino acid into stop codon

Question 38

Insertions & Deletion mutations

Answer 38

• alter reading frame
• produce NONFUNCTIONAL polypeptide
• change in amino acid sequence downstream of mutation

Question 38

Codons are ____ to each other, NO gaps in between

Answer 38

next

Question 39

mRNA contains INtrons…

Answer 39

interrupts sequences that separates exons