Chapter 6 Flashcards
Cells break down glucose using ______ into ___, ____ and most importantly ATP***
oxygen, C02, water
All use the SAME metabolic pathways for harvesting energy
- animals
- fungi
- plants
- protisa
Major metabolic pathway requires…
O2 which produces GREAT amounts of ATP
In absence of O2, some cells still harvest energy, but…
yield is lower
_____ flows through ecosystems
Energy
Plants harvest sunlight through…
- photosynthesis
- energy stored in carbs
- used for plant growth
Heterotrophs consume, directly or indirectly…
- energy stored by PLANTS
ex. herbivores, carnivores
Cellular metabolism converts stored…
CHEMICAL energy into forms useful to cell
ATP
-energy molecule that POWERS chemical reactions in cell
ATP & ADP are related _______
- compounds
- different in # of phosphates
Phosphorylation
- transfer phosphate TO molecule
- energizes recipient MOLECULE, allows chemical reactions
Transferring e- also transfers…
ENERGY in cell
In biological systems, energy carriers transfer _______ & _______
e- and H+
e- carriers include _____
- NADH
ex. linx bus
NAD + 2e- + H+ —-> NADH
Energy harvest occurs through the ______ OR _______ pathway
aerobic OR anaerobic
Aerobic Pathway happens in ______, ______ and _____ _____
- E.T.C.
- glycolysis,
- Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis***
- splits glucose into TWO pyruvate molecules
- takes place in CYTOPLASM
- 2 ATP per glucose
- 2 NADH’s
Mitochondria is the site of _____ & ______
- krebs cycle
- E.T.C.
Outer Membrane
-allow pyruvate & NADH to ENTER
Inner Membrane
- Christae, has molecules E.T.C & ATP
- synthesizes ENZYMES
Inner Compartment contains…
- DNA
- ribosomes
- enzymes of KREBS CYCLE
Krebs Cycle breaks…
down ORGANIC molecules besides glucose
E.T.C
1) e- from NADH & FADH2 passed in chain, flowing DOWN energy gradient
2) energy RELEASED by e- transfers goes into synthesis of ATP
***O2 is the final…
e- ACCEPTOR in E.T.C.
-combines with e- and H+, forming H2O
Anaerobic Pathway happens in _____ & _____
Glycolysis & Fermentation
ALL organisms have enzymes of….
glycolysis
During Fermentation, pyruvate is modified with….
NO further release of energy
Alcoholic Fermentation**
pyruvate —> ETHANOL
(2-C) + CO2
ex baking, making drinks
Lactic Acid Fermentation**
pyruvate —> LATIC ACID
3-C
Muscle cells rely on _____ _____ _______ when O2 supplies are low
lactic acid fermentation
Fermentation yields 0 ATP BUT…
recycles NAD+ from NADH, which is required for glycolysis
Fermentation is crucial to the recycling of…
carbon & stability of environment