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Biology > Chapter 4 / 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 / 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells

A
  • smallest living units

- display ALL properties of life

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2
Q

Cells were discovered in 1600’s by ______ (in cork)

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living single-______

A

-celled organisms

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4
Q

3 Basic Parts Of A Cell

A

1) cytoplasm
2) nucleus
3) plasma membrane

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-controls what goes in/out of cell

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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • controls cells functions

- stores DNA

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • contains organelles that carry out special functions, everything w/in membrane EXCLUDING nucleus
  • 70% water
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7
Q

Cells surface area to _____ sets the upper limit to its size

A

volume ratio

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8
Q

Greater the # of ACTIVE cytoplasm the…

A

-more materials used / wastes produced

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9
Q

Plasma membrane is made up of

A

lipids & proteins

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10
Q

Greater the surface area the….

A

FASTER substances are exchanged

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11
Q

As a cell’s diameter increases its volume…

A

it grows faster than SURFACE area

-perfect sphere has maximum volume

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12
Q

Cells w/ altered shapes may get around _____

A

constraint

ex. long thin nerve cells
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13
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) all living things are made of one or MORE cells
2) all cells came from PREEXISTING cells
3) basic living units w/i ORGANISMS

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14
Q

Prokaryotes lack a

A

nucleus

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15
Q

Eukaryotes are LARGER then

A

prokaryotes

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16
Q

Eukaryotes contain

A

MEMBRANE-bound nucleus + other organelles

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17
Q

Colonial- consists of

A

1) cluster of cells

2) survive independently

18
Q

Multicellular - cells usually perform

A

specialized tasks

ex. Plants + Animals

19
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model**

A

1) phospholipids make up bulk of membrane
2) DESCRIBES structure of cell membrane***
3) proteins are embedded in the lipid BILAYER

20
Q

Each phospholipid has a _______ _____ & ______

A

HYDROPHOBIC head & tail

21
Q

When surrounded by H2O, phospholipids align as

A

-lipid bilayer

part of molecule likes water, part DOES NOT

22
Q

Membrane fluidity varies among…

A

cells specialized for certain environments

 ex. penguins on ice, lipids RESIST freezing
23
Q

Selectively Permeable:

A

things pass through membrane

24
Q

Diffuse through membranes?

A

INORGANIC molecules, very small

25
Q

Substances that pass through membranes?

A

FAT-soluble organic substances

26
Q

Compounds that pass through certain membrane PROTEINS

A

WATER-soluble organic

27
Q

Endocytosis

A

-move INTO cell of large molecule

28
Q

Exocytosis

A

-removal waste of proteins, OUTSIDE cell

29
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • DOUBLE-layered membrane

- surrounds nucleus

30
Q

Genetic info passes from DNA —> ___ —>______

A

RNA —-> proteins

31
Q

Pores in membrane allow…

A

RNA to escape

32
Q

______ carry out work of cell

A

proteins

33
Q

Chromosomes

A

form when DNA + protein change at start of cell division

34
Q

______ makes Ribosomal RNA

A

nucleolus

35
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of PROTEIN synthesis

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • 3D structure fibers
  • keeps cell’s shape
  • moves materials in cell
37
Q

3 Types of Fiber

A

1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) intermediate filaments

38
Q

Microfil A ments

A

-made of protein actin

39
Q

Actin

A

MOLECULES in unrelated organisms are similar, suggests ancient origin

40
Q

Microtubules

A

-hollow tubes of protein TUBLIN

41
Q

Spindle Apparatus

A

-moves CHROMOSOMES around during mitosis

42
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • keratin + other proteins
  • nails, hair, feathers, skin
  • reinforcement

Biology (13 decks)

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