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NEW 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

chromosome pairs w/ DIFFERENT members in female & male

  • determine sex
  • develop sexual characteristics
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1
Q

Females have 2 __ chromosomes

A

X

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2
Q

Males have one __ & __ chromosome

A

X & Y

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3
Q

Size of chromosome Y?

A

small

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4
Q

Size of chromosome X?

A

LARGE, heavier

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5
Q

Autosomes

A
  • both pairs of chromosomes look SAME in both sexes

- everything BUT sex chromosomes

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6
Q

Gender is linked to:

A

SEX chromosomes

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7
Q

Genes on X chromosome are “__-linked”

A

X-linked

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8
Q

Genes on Y chromosome are “__ -linked

A

Y-linked

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9
Q

Male-determining gene is on __ ____ chromosome

A

Y linked

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10
Q

Linkage

A

genes on same chromosome INHERITED together

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11
Q

C/O reduces…

A

linkage

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14
Q

Albinism

A

-autosomal recessive

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15
Q

FUTHER apart 2 genes are on chromosome the…

A

more likely they’re separated by c/o

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16
Q

Frequency of C/O is used in _____ ______

A

genetic mapping

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17
Q

Genes ADDRESS on chromosome

A

locus

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18
Q

Chromosome are aligned like…

A

beads on string

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19
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • respiratory disease: produces mucus
  • autosomal recessive
  • most common in caucasians
    treatments: chest precautions
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20
Q

Recessive disorders on “X” mostly show up in _____ bc:

A

males

: have only 1 X chromosome

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21
Q

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH)

A

breaks down phenylalanine

22
Q

Red/Green Color Blind

A
  • X recessive

- only MALES

23
Q

Ppl w/2 recessive alleles CANT…

A

make PAH

(phenylalanine hydroxylase)

24
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A
  • X link RECESSIVE
  • missing MEMBRANE protein
  • MALES only
  • muscle degeneration
  • females can carry allele and pass to son
25
Q

Build up of phenylalanine causes nerve cells in brain to…

A

develop abnormally

26
Q

Progeria

A
  • aging disorder

ex. movie JACK

27
Q

Children w/ PKU may suffer from mental disabilities unless…

A

phenylalanine intake restricted

28
Q

Most genes encode proteins w/ necessary _______….

A

functions

Ex.
-enzymes: mutations ALTER genes, disorder can result

29
Q

Turner Syndrome

A
  • CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME # during meiosis
  • person has XO
  • missing CHROMOSOME
30
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • X link recessive
  • missing gene/protein
  • no BLOOD CLOT factor
31
Q

Missing proteins are…

A

needed to survive

PKU (missing enzyme)
Hemophilia (missing clotting factor)

32
Q

Many traits are polygenic having…

A
  • many genes

ex. Limb length, Alzheimer’s Disease

33
Q

Humans are difficult genetic subjects bc…

A

1) cant control mating
2) never true F2 generation
3) have few children
4) LONG generation times

34
Q

Genetic principles that apply to other organisms also apply to _______

A

humans

35
Q

Pedigree - diagram that shows

A
  • family relationships
  • birth order
  • gender
  • phenotype
  • sometimes genotype
36
Q

Allows geneticist to determine if trait is dominant, recessive, autosomal, or x-linked

A

pedigree

37
Q

Autosomal recessive traits, such as PKU aren’t expressed in…

A

heterozygous carriers

-appear equally in male/females
38
Q

MOST genetic conditions are __________ ______

A

autosomal recessive

39
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • DOMINANT autosomal
  • leads to death
  • 35-50 yrs old
  • degeneration/death of nerve cells
40
Q

Allele passes from an afflicted parent to an afflicted child in __________ disorder

A

huntington’s

41
Q

Disorder caused by base sequence CAG repeated over & over near the start of the gene

A

huntington’s

42
Q

In huntington’s disorder the greater # of repeats, earlier it strikes the…

A

more severe it becomes

43
Q

Dominant lethal alleles are ____

A

rare

44
Q

Klinefelter

A
  • CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME # during meiosis
  • 3 chromromses (XXY) MALE
  • sterile MALE
  • long limbs
  • low verbal skills/IQ
45
Q

Homozygous don’t survive…

A

fetal development

46
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • black ppl effected
  • affects hemoglobin
47
Q

Heterozygotes usually die before __________

A

reproducing

-EXCEPT HUNGINHTON’S

48
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A
  • autosomal recessive
  • CANT break down phenylalanine
  • missing protein
  • mental shortage
  • NO cure
  • treatment: don’t eat phenylalanine
49
Q

Arranging chromosomes in sequence by size:

A

karyotype

Biology (13 decks)

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