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Spring 2022 classes > neuroscience exam 1 > Flashcards

neuroscience exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

multiple sclerosis is associated with degratation of myelin in what type of brain matter

A

white matter

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2
Q

what is the role of association fibers in the brain

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere: either between gyri or between lobes depending on the length of the fibers

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3
Q

arcuate fasciculus role

A

connect 2 areas responsible for speech, are found on the dominant hemisphere and damage= language problems

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4
Q

inferior longitudinal fasiculus role

A

connects temoroal lobe + occipital, processes visual cues

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5
Q

uncinate fasciculus role

A

connects limbic system in different lobes, is made of WHITE matter

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6
Q

when may split brain surgery occur

A

epilepsy b/c stops over-signaling between hemispheres

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7
Q

anterior commissure main role

A

pain sensation

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8
Q

posterior commisure role

A

pupillary reflex

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9
Q

corona radiata form what

A

internal capsule: carries fibers b/w cortex, spinal cord, deep forebrain structures

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10
Q

what cells make up basal ganglia

A

technically large nuclei

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11
Q

subthalamic nucleus location

A

diencephalon

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12
Q

nucleus accumbens location

A

anterior part of striatum

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13
Q

nucleus accumbens function

A

limbic part of basal ganglia

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14
Q

what makes up the striatum

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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15
Q

where does the info from basal ganglia come from and go

A

from regions surrounding cerebral cortex, processes, sends back to the cortex and brainstem

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16
Q

what other parts of the brain are basal ganglia connected with

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem

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17
Q

what do associative circuit of basal ganglia influence

A

motor learning, prioritizing, importance of stimuli, goal directed behavior

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18
Q

what part of the brain makes a decision if you should run the yellow light or not

A

associative circuit of basal ganglia

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19
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for formation of habits like bruxism (clench teeth)

A

associative and motor circuits of basal ganglia

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20
Q

what circuit includes emotional gestures, postures, facial expressions

A

limbic

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21
Q

what circuit is important for addiction and schizophrenia

A

limbic circuit

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22
Q

what are some conditions that are associated with damage to basal ganglia

A

parkinson’s, huntington’s, schizophrenia, OCD

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23
Q

what are the main functions of the limbic system

A

motivation, emotion, learning, memory

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24
Q

what is the function of the cingulate gyrus

A

memory and emotional processing and ANS control

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25
Q

what part of the brain does memory processing of olfactory memories

A

parahippocamal gyri

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26
Q

what 2 systems does the limbic lobe influence

A

endocrine and autonomic

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27
Q

what part of basal ganglia plays a role in sexual arousal and the “high” from pleasurable activities like drugs

A

nucleus accumbens

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28
Q

what lobe is the hippocampus found in

A

temporal lobe

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29
Q

what is the role of hippocampus

A

consolidate info from short term to long term memory, memory retrieval, spatial navigation

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30
Q

what part of the brain are new nerve cells generated

A

hippocampus

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31
Q

what area of the brain is greatly affected by Alzheimer’s disease

A

hippocampus

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32
Q

what is the fornix

A

part of the hippocampus involved in memory pathways

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33
Q

what are mamillary bodies

A

ends of anterior arches of the fornix that are important for recollective memory

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34
Q

why are smell and emotion often related

A

the olfactory system is structurally close to limbic structures

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35
Q

what is the amygdala structurally

A

groups of nuceli, found deep, in temporal lobe

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36
Q

what is the function of the amygdala

A

emotional center, autonomic response to fear and arousal, activates SNS, motivation and overt emotional behavior

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37
Q

septal nuclei role

A

pleasure, reward, reinforcement (part of the limbic system)

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38
Q

where is the hypothalamus found structurally

A

near pituitary gland, in diencephalon

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39
Q

what is the role of hypothalamus

A

homeostasis, regulates neuro-endocrine activity, basic drives and goal directed behavior

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40
Q

specific jobs of hypothalamus in the body

A

release hormones, maintain physiological cycles, control appetite, manage sexual behaviors, regulate emotions

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41
Q

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

VTA: produces dopamine to tell us what to think of the experience

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42
Q

left hemisphere function

A

more mathematical: speech, language, comprehension, time, numbers

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43
Q

right hemisphere function

A

creative thinking, spatial awareness, non-verbal communication

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44
Q

layers of cerebal cortex (6 total)

A

2&4: sensory interneurons in ganglia
3&5: pyramidal cells: upper motor neurons

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45
Q

primary cortex of cerebal cortex function

A

receive input

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46
Q

associative cortex of cerebral cortex function

A

interpretation

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47
Q

nonfluenct Brocha’s aphasia

A

impairment of speech

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48
Q

wernike’s aphasia

A

inability to understand written or verbal language, may produce speech but the words don’t make sense

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49
Q

expressive aphasia

A

damage to primary motor cortex that prevents purposeful speech and makes learning difficult

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50
Q

central sulcus structure

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

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51
Q

pre-central gyrus vs post-central gyrus

A

primary motor area, somatosensory area

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52
Q

role of the primary motor cortex

A

voluntary movement

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53
Q

role of pre-frontal cortex

A

plan: personality, social cues, executive function, etc

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54
Q

function of somatosensory cortex

A

how we recognize feelings and sensations including PAIN

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55
Q

stereognosia vs asterognosia

A

ability to feel an object, inability to feel an object

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56
Q

function of post-parietal area

A

spatial awareness, body scheme, orientation in space

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57
Q

what area of the brain does anesthesia work on

A

somatosensory cortex

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58
Q

where are sensations seen in the brain

A

homunculus

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59
Q

what does a visual field deficiency mean

A

part of the visual field and your ability to see is damaged

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60
Q

brodman’s areas: primary motor cortex

A

4

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61
Q

brodman’s areas: pre-motor and supplementary

A

6

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62
Q

brodman’s areas: wernike

A

22

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63
Q

brodman’s areas: somatosensory

A

3, 1, 2

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64
Q

brodman’s areas: posterior parietal

A

7

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65
Q

brodman’s areas: prefrontal cortex

A

9-12

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66
Q

what are the components of the forebrain

A

cortex and subcortical structures, telencephalon and diencephalon

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67
Q

what are the components of telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

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68
Q

what are the components of diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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69
Q

lobes of brain (6): frontal

A

motor cortex, pre-fronal cortex, broca’s, cingulate gyrus

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70
Q

lobes of brain (6): parietal

A

somatosensory cortex

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71
Q

lobes of brain (6): insula

A

emotion, pain, cravings, addiction

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72
Q

is the cerebral cortex made of white or grey matter

A

grey

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73
Q

sulci vs gyri of cerebral cortex

A

named for location: grooves, named for function: ridges

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74
Q

what are the subcortical structures

A

amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, septal nuclei, association projection, commosural fibers

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75
Q

what are the parts of the cerebellum

A

hindbrain, pons, medulla

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76
Q

sensory neurons aka

A

afferent

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77
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent

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78
Q

where do interneurons communicate between

A

within the brain and spinal cord

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79
Q

what are some functions of neurons

A

receive, integrate, transmit, and transfer information

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80
Q

function of a cell nucleus

A

synthesize NT, hormones, and proteins

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81
Q

function of rough ER

A

manufacture proteins

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82
Q

function of smooth ER

A

manufacture lipids, carbs, steroids, cholesterol, does cellular respiration

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83
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

package protein

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84
Q

lysozome function

A

digest organelles

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85
Q

free ribosome function

A

manufacture protein

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86
Q

what is the structure of a dendrite

A

an extension of the soma, increases surface area

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87
Q

where are the greatest density of sodium channels found

A

axon hillock

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88
Q

where does the cell decide whether or not to create a signal

A

in the axon hillock of the axon

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89
Q

what is the function of myelin in cells

A

protect, insulate, speed up signal to the next axon

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90
Q

what part of the axon allows for faster conduction

A

nodes of ranvier

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91
Q

where does an antegrade transport signal go

A

from soma to axon terminals= continues on

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92
Q

where does a retrograde transport signal go

A

from terminals to soma= breaks down or maintains survival of neurons

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93
Q

what ions are found in the nervous system

A

Cl, Ca, K, Na

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94
Q

how many mV is resting potential

A

-70 mV inside the membrane

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95
Q

how many mV is action potential

A

-55mV inside the membrane

96
Q

what is action potential dictated by

A

sodium channels opening and closing; all or none response, has a refractory period

97
Q

steps of depolarization

A

action potential reaches membrane, calcium channels open, calcium triggers the release of NT, NT bind causing sodium to flow in

98
Q

what are ionotropic receptors

A

fast, ligand receptors in post-synapse

99
Q

what are metabotropic receptors

A

slow, g-protein receptrs in post-synapse

100
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory, opens sodium channels

101
Q

gaba

A

inhibitory, decreases electrical activity and may be used as tx for seizures

102
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory

103
Q

ACH

A

excitatory

104
Q

biogenic amines definition

A

made by the body itself

105
Q

biogenic amines examples with exhitatory or inhibitory

A

dopamine (- or +)
norepinephrine/epinephrine (+)
serotonin: (+ or -)
dopamine: (+ or -)
histamine (+)

106
Q

what NT is associated with alzheimer’s

A

acetacholine

107
Q

what NT is associated with depression

108
Q

what NT is associated with migraines or seizures

109
Q

what NT is associated with schizphrenia and parkinson’s

110
Q

what cells transmit signals at the myelin sheath and help protect and insulate

A

oligodendroglia

111
Q

what are microglia

A

immune cells in the CNS that release inflammatory substances

112
Q

what are polydendrocytes

A

stem cells in the brain

113
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord

114
Q

functions of the blood brain barrier

A

maintain homeostasis, isolate and protect the brain, tight junctions, limit drugs that can cross the barrier

115
Q

soma vs axon

A

gray matter vs white matter

116
Q

what are some functions of the nervous system

A

perception, interpret sensations, learning, memory, sleep, healing, thirst, stress, puberty, hunger

117
Q

what are the 3 parts of a neuron

A

soma, axon, dendrite

118
Q

what types of cells are neuroglia

A

glial, not excitable

119
Q

what are different types of glial cells

A

ependymal, oligodendrocytes, satellite, schwann, microlia, astocytes

120
Q

what are 3 tracts in the brain

A

fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus

121
Q

compare upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

A

made of cell bodies in the CNS and brain vs made of cell bodies in the ANTERIOR horn of spinal cord

122
Q

rostral corresponds with what area of the brain

123
Q

rostral corresponds with what area of the spinal cord

124
Q

caudal corresponds with what area of the spinal cord

125
Q

functions of the spinal cord

A

coordinate reflexes, transmit sensory and motor information

126
Q

are axons myelinated or demyelinated

A

myelinated

127
Q

what is the axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the neuron made of dissolved nutrients

128
Q

what is an example of retrograde transport

A

herpes virus, it lies dormant until activated because it stays in the soma and doesn’t get broken down

129
Q

at rest, describe the concentration of ions inside and outside of a cell

A

K+ higher inside, Na+ higher outside, Cl- higher outside= more negatively charged outside of the cell

130
Q

the ion pump of the cell moves __ Na+ out of the neuron for every __ K+

131
Q

what ion primarily determines the membrane potential of the resting neuron

132
Q

what is a decrease in the negative charge within the neuron called

A

depolarization

133
Q

what is an increase in the negative charge within the neuron called

A

hyperpolarization

134
Q

what is returning to -70mV called

A

repolarization

135
Q

steps of action potential

A
  1. stimulus causes Na+ channels to open
  2. then K+ channels open= depolarization b/c K+ leaves the cell
  3. Na+ close= repolarization
  4. K+ stay open a little too long= hyperpolarization
  5. ion concentration returns to -70 mV at resting levels
  6. refractory period: new action potential can’t be generated
  7. Na/K restores homeostasis for an energy price
136
Q

steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. synthesis: ER synthesizes enzymes (GABA, glutamate)
  2. storage: store in synaptic vesicles ready for release
  3. release: influx of Ca++ triggers synaptic cleft vesicles to depolarize
  4. reception: depends on NT and receptor that bind here; temporospatial summation is required to elicit the action potential
  5. deactivation: catabolism by enzymes, diffusion out of synaptic cleft
137
Q

substance P functions

A

stimulates nerve endings at the site of injury, acts as NT in the spinal cord, modulates immune response in times of stress

138
Q

endogenous opioid peptides definition

A

bind to same postsynaptic receptors as opium

139
Q

endogenous opioid peptide classes (3)

A

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

140
Q

3 types of neuro peptides

A

substance P, endogenous opiod peptides, calcitonin gene related peptide

141
Q

what is calcitonin gene related peptide related to

A

inflammatory, pain, migraines

142
Q

what are schwann cells

A

myelinating cells in PNS

143
Q

what does the mirror neuron system allow us to do

A

motor learning through imitation, empathy

144
Q

cingulate gyrus vs parahippocampal gyri

A

sensory w/ emotions, emotional response to pain, fear conditioning vs memory creation

145
Q

3 gyri of temporal lobe functions

A

superior: hear and interpret
middle: contemplate distance and recognize faces
inferior: object recognition

146
Q

what part of the diencephalon is info initially interpreted and then sent to where it needs to go

147
Q

the thalamus relays info between ______ and _______

A

brainstem and cerebral cortex

148
Q

what is the pulvinar

A

part of the thalamus that manages association area in each of the 4 lobes

149
Q

thalamic reticular nucleus is

A

part of the thalamus that regulates other nuclei

150
Q

medial geniculate body vs lateral geniculate body

A

auditory input vs visual input

151
Q

hypothalamus functions

A

homeostasis, circadian rhythm, sleep and awake clock, respond to environmental stimuli, satiety center, goal directed behavior, sex drive, ANS regulation

152
Q

hypothalamus connects what 2 systems

A

nervous and endocrine

153
Q

what system is the hypothalamus functionally part of

154
Q

what 2 hormones does hypothalamus secrete

A

ADH and oxytocin

155
Q

ADH function

A

increases water retention

156
Q

oxytocin function

A

social interactions, human behavior

157
Q

epithalamus function

A

emotional and visceral response, seasonal cycle regulation, sleep

158
Q

the epithalamus connects what system with other parts of the body

159
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

release melatonin

160
Q

what are functions of the subthalamus

A

movement and muscle tone

161
Q

what is hemiballismus

A

movement disorder with sudden involuntary movements that only happens on one side of the body

162
Q

what part of the diencephalon is related to hemiballismus

A

subthalamus

163
Q

what are 3 functions of meninges

A

protect, contain sinuses, contain blood vessels

164
Q

what are the 2 layers of dura matter

A

periosteal (outer) and meningeal (inner)

165
Q

3 dural reflections

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

166
Q

what part of the meninges is pain sensitive

A

dura matter

167
Q

what are 3 functions of dura matter

A

anchor, protect, limit movement

168
Q

what are dural spaces

A

not real spaces so if there’s excess blood or swelling in the area, it can cause serious problems and compression of parts of the brain

169
Q

what structure is the thalamus

A

paired egg-like

170
Q

what part of the brain is the gatekeeper to the cortex

171
Q

functions of the thalamus

A

process sensory info- but not olfactory, connect parts of the brain to each other, integrate cognitive and emotional info

172
Q

what part of the brain may be involved in narcolepsy

A

hypothalamus

173
Q

what part of the diencephalon responds to odors

A

epithalamus

174
Q

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli

A

separates the cerebrumhemispheres
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
separates 2 cerebellar hemispheres

175
Q

inferior longitudinal fasiculus

A

connects temporal lobe and occipital lobe, involved in processing and modulating visual cues

176
Q

commissural fibers function

A

connect corresponding areas of the brain in each hemisphere

177
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest cortical commissure, allows for coordinated activity

178
Q

3 parts of corpus callosum

A

genu: anterior part, connects frontal lobes
body: connects 2 parietal lobes with each other
splenium: posterior part, connects occipital and temporal lobes

179
Q

what is the role of the internal capsule

A

transmit information to and from the cerebral cortex for motor control

180
Q

what is the function of the tentorium cerebelli

A

supports occipital lobes of brain

181
Q

what connects the arachnoid matter

A

connected to pia matter by arachnoid trabeculae

182
Q

what is the function of arachnoid granulations

A

reabsorbs CSF to prevent build up

183
Q

what space in the brain meninges is considered “real space”

A

subarachnoid

184
Q

what hemorrhage always requires surgery to repair it otherwise it will keep swelling and bleeding and compresses the entire brain

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

185
Q

describe pia matter

A

adheres tightly to the brain and parenchyma, is a VERY thin layer like cling film

186
Q

what is the barrier between the brain tissue and CSF

A

pia matter

187
Q

are the spinal meninges real space or not

A

yes, they are real space, provides area b/w cervical spine and SC

188
Q

spinal block vs epidural

A

1 injection that is analgesia, catheter used in L&D

189
Q

what vertebra does the spinal cord approximately end on

190
Q

what can be used to r/i or r/o conditions in the neuro space and analyze what is going on in the CNS

A

lumbar puncture

191
Q

what ligament is in the pia mater and attaches to the dura

A

denticulate ligament

192
Q

what connects the lateral ventricle with the third ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

193
Q

what are the ventricles of the brain

A

lateral (2), interventricular foramen, third, aqueduct of midbrain, fourth

194
Q

what connects the lateral and third ventricles with the fourth ventricle

A

aqueduct of the midbrain

195
Q

what produces CSF

A

ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

196
Q

what is CSF derived from

A

blood plasma

197
Q

does CSF have protein in it

A

no, it’s nearly protein free compared to other plasma

198
Q

VP shunt vs VA shunt for hydrocephalus: for right atrium

A

VP: can be temporary or permanent depending on who it is for
VA: is permanent, only used when absolutely necessary

199
Q

functions of CSF

A

cushion and support brain, continuous exchange b/w parenchyma, maintain stable intracranial pressure, secrete NT

200
Q

internal carotid system

A

brings arterial blood to the brain from the anterior, medial, and lateral cerebrum

201
Q

vertebrobasilar system

A

brings arterial blood to the brain from the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior cerebrum

202
Q

what connects the internal carotid system and vertebrobasilar systems

A

circle of willis

203
Q

define infarct

204
Q

what is the basilar artery

A

junction of pons and medulla vertebral arteries

205
Q

what is the most common site of a stroke

A

middle cerebral artery

206
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

deep structures medially, damage to CL motor and sensory loss of face

207
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery include

A

LE representation on motor and sensory cortex

208
Q

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

occipital, medial, inferior, temporal lobes and upper brainstem, thalamus

209
Q

PCA cortical vascular syndrome

A

cortical: CL visual and agnosia deficits, weakness and sensory loss

210
Q

PCA central vascular syndrome symptoms

A

pain and dysthesias (abnormal sensations)

211
Q

locked-in syndrome

A

occurs when only the eys are able to move, is very rare

212
Q

thrombi- damage to vascular system

A

build up of plaque obstructing blood flow

213
Q

emboli- damage to vascular system

A

break free and travel in arteries until they are blocked

214
Q

hemorrhage- damage to vascular system

A

ruptured aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation

215
Q

how does venous blood flow in the brain

A

from the body to sinuses

216
Q

what arteries supply the spinal cord

A

anterior and posterior spinal artery

217
Q

what artery supplies the lower SC area

A

artery of adamkiewicz

218
Q

what fossa does the brainstem sit in

A

posterior cranial fossa

219
Q

functions of the brainstem

A

conduit, contains cranial nerve nuclei, some descending pathways originate here, respiratory center

220
Q

what peripheral nerves start in the brainstem

A

9/12 of them

221
Q

anterior part of midbrain is called

222
Q

what is included in the tegmentum of the midbrain

A

reticular formation

223
Q

what is the posterior part of the midbrain called

A

tectum (roof)

224
Q

anterior midbrain includes what peducncles

A

2 cerebral peduncles motor tracts

225
Q

what do the substantia nigra do

A

produce dopamine

226
Q

what does the reticular formation do

A

arousal and alertness

227
Q

what does the ventral tegmenta area do

A

release dopamine to the nucleus accumbens

228
Q

what nuclei are in the posterior part of the midbrain

A

2 pairs of collicui

229
Q

how can you tell the difference between anterior and posterior midbrain

A

posterior has 2 pairs of colliculi

230
Q

what (ONE) cranial nerve is found in posterior part of midbrain

A

cranial nerve 4

231
Q

what’s included in the central midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct and periaqueductal gray: this is where a decrease in pain is felt

232
Q

what cranial nerve is in the anterior midbrain

A

cranial nerve 3

233
Q

what cranial nerves are in the anterior pons

A

5, 6, 6, 8

234
Q

what do the superior cerebellar peduncles do

A

efferent signaling from afferent (middle and inferior)

235
Q

what do pontine nuclei include

A

sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing, equilibrium

236
Q

where do ascending afferent tracts pass through

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