APK exam 3 Flashcards
what does diffusion-limited mean
transfer of gas depends on properties of gas and diffusion barrier
how fast is equilibrium for diffusion-limited
slow
what is perfusion limited
blood flow determines rate of transfer
what has the greatest influence on blood flow
resistance bc more pressure is needed to push the blood if there’s more/less resistance
what is blood flow determined by
viscosity, radius, length
does an obese person have more or less blood vessels
much more b/c more tissue = more vessels
does CO increase or decrease w/ intensity
increase
def systolic BP
pressure against arteries during systole
what factor of heart is impacted by # crossbridges
contractability
how is EDV related to contractility
directly
how is EDV related to SV
directly
how is EDV related to HR
indirectly
does hypertension cause an increase or decrease in SV
decrease
does hypertension cause an increase or decrease in afterload
increase
is pressure of CO2 lower or higher in arterial blood compared to venous blood
lower
what should someone with hypertension avoid
any high intensity or high weight exercise, especially upper body exercise
according to Fick’s law of diffusion what is inversely related to rate and SA
thickness
according to Fick’s law, are rate and SA inversely or directly related
directly
what’s the quickest way to decrease BP
lose weight
what are other ways to decrease BP
limit salt, alcohol, aerobically train @ steady state
do hypertensive pts need to be more careful with upper or lower body exercise
upper b/c blood vessels are smaller and will lead to quicker increase in BP
what is approximate BP during exercise for healthy individual
180/65
what does aerobically training to do SV
increase SV
what does aerobically training do to CO
increase
what are some local factors that increase blood pressure
increase temp, nitric oxide, adenosine, CO2, Mg, K
what is = preload
EDV
what’s the most important factor affecting venous return
pumping pressure of the heart
what does a greater surface area do to gas exchange
increase
what are some factors that increase CO
> catecholamines, >blood flow b/c increase strength of contraction
SV equation
EDV-ESV
def preload
amount of blood returned to left ventricle
what does greater aerobic ability do to preload
increases preload
def contractility
force of contraction
how is stretch related to pressure and stroke volume
increase stretch = increase pressure and SV
def afterload
pressure in arteries after systole
what does an increase in pressure do to afterload
increases afterload
what does the frank starling mechanism mean
an increase in stretch = increase strength contraction = increase blood flow
what factors influence venous return
intrathoracic pressure, blood volume, venous pressure
what factor most influences venous return
muscle pump pressure
if someone is aerobically trained will they have low or high SV and CO
high
what does Fick principle mean
VO2 max (oxygen uptake)= HR * SV * arteriole diffusion
what happens if someone stands for a long time
venous return will decrease b/c blood will pool at extremiites
what is the most foundational training
aerobic
what happens to SBP and DBP during resistance training
both increase during exercise
what happens to preload, contractility, afterload during resistance training
decrease preload, increase contractility, increase afterload
what happens to factors during dehydration
decrease blood flow, increase HR, decrease SV
if there’s higher pressure, will there be more or less O2 available for the tissues
more oxygen
does blood flow increase or decrease with increased intensity
increases
what does increase in temperature do to Hmg and O2
causes disassociation of Hmg and O2
def blood pressure
CO * peripheral resistance
what happens to DBP during resistance training
increases
what happens to DBP during aerobic training
decreases
does blood flow increase or decrease during resistance training
decreases to muscles b/c vasoconstriction
what’s the most important factor of resistance training on blood pressure
intensity of exercise, #2 factor: quantity of muscle mass activation
what does Ach do
from PNS, will slow cardiac muscle down
what is the best way to decrease BP over time
steady state exercise
what does valsava maneuver cause
increase in BP acutely- don’t hold for too long b/c will decrease blood flow to heart
what does valsava maneuver do to preload
decreases
what factors cause CO to increase
larger heart, increase capillary density, increase mitochondria
ventilation def
air into & out of lungs
respiration def
gas exchange
what does Boyle’s law say
at a fixed temp, pressure is inversely related to volume
what is the primary factor of hypertension
peripheral resistance
what contributes to hypertension
increase in insulin levels = increase in sympathetic activity, increase in sodium causes increase in BP
what factors affect gas exchange
membrane thickness, partial pressure, surface area membrane
does an increase in SA mean an increase or decrease in gas exchange
increase
what is a limiting factor in respiration
BLOOD FLOW
is ventilation a limiting factor in ventilatory control
no, it can’t be changed much
what’s the fastest way to decrease BP
decrease HR
what is involved in cardiac control
cerebral cortex, medulla oblangata, hypothalamus, afferent muscles, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
what is the goal of cardiac control
maintain BP
why is hypertension common in older people
endothelial tissue loses elasticity over time
what happens FIRST when exercise begins
PNS control decreases, then SNS takes over
in a cell, is K intracellular or extracellular
intracellular
in a cell, is Na intracellular or extracellular
extracellular
how does an increase in calcium impact the cardiac muscle
leads to increase in strength of muscle contraction
do fit people have increased or decreased SV
increased, since heart doesn’t have to work as hard
what affects preload
CO, blood volume, muscle and thoracic pump, posture, heart size, venous tone
what affects afterload
arterial pressure= BP
what do chemoreceptors respond do in the heart
changes in CO2 and O2 pressure
what do baroreceptors respond to in the heart
influence contractility, HR, resistance
what does hypothalamus influence
vasoconstriction and vasodilation to respond to changes in body tempreature
what do muscle afferents do
help balance the need of muscles for blood with the systemic need for BP control
stroke volume will be higher for athletes compared to other factors
