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Spring 2022 classes > APK exam 3 > Flashcards

APK exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does diffusion-limited mean

A

transfer of gas depends on properties of gas and diffusion barrier

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2
Q

how fast is equilibrium for diffusion-limited

A

slow

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3
Q

what is perfusion limited

A

blood flow determines rate of transfer

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4
Q

what has the greatest influence on blood flow

A

resistance bc more pressure is needed to push the blood if there’s more/less resistance

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5
Q

what is blood flow determined by

A

viscosity, radius, length

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6
Q

does an obese person have more or less blood vessels

A

much more b/c more tissue = more vessels

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7
Q

does CO increase or decrease w/ intensity

A

increase

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8
Q

def systolic BP

A

pressure against arteries during systole

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9
Q

what factor of heart is impacted by # crossbridges

A

contractability

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10
Q

how is EDV related to contractility

A

directly

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11
Q

how is EDV related to SV

A

directly

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12
Q

how is EDV related to HR

A

indirectly

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13
Q

does hypertension cause an increase or decrease in SV

A

decrease

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14
Q

does hypertension cause an increase or decrease in afterload

A

increase

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15
Q

is pressure of CO2 lower or higher in arterial blood compared to venous blood

A

lower

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16
Q

what should someone with hypertension avoid

A

any high intensity or high weight exercise, especially upper body exercise

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17
Q

according to Fick’s law of diffusion what is inversely related to rate and SA

A

thickness

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18
Q

according to Fick’s law, are rate and SA inversely or directly related

A

directly

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19
Q

what’s the quickest way to decrease BP

A

lose weight

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20
Q

what are other ways to decrease BP

A

limit salt, alcohol, aerobically train @ steady state

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21
Q

do hypertensive pts need to be more careful with upper or lower body exercise

A

upper b/c blood vessels are smaller and will lead to quicker increase in BP

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22
Q

what is approximate BP during exercise for healthy individual

A

180/65

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23
Q

what does aerobically training to do SV

A

increase SV

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24
Q

what does aerobically training do to CO

A

increase

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25
Q

what are some local factors that increase blood pressure

A

increase temp, nitric oxide, adenosine, CO2, Mg, K

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26
Q

what is = preload

A

EDV

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27
Q

what’s the most important factor affecting venous return

A

pumping pressure of the heart

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28
Q

what does a greater surface area do to gas exchange

A

increase

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29
Q

what are some factors that increase CO

A

> catecholamines, >blood flow b/c increase strength of contraction

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30
Q

SV equation

A

EDV-ESV

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31
Q

def preload

A

amount of blood returned to left ventricle

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32
Q

what does greater aerobic ability do to preload

A

increases preload

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33
Q

def contractility

A

force of contraction

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34
Q

how is stretch related to pressure and stroke volume

A

increase stretch = increase pressure and SV

35
Q

def afterload

A

pressure in arteries after systole

36
Q

what does an increase in pressure do to afterload

A

increases afterload

37
Q

what does the frank starling mechanism mean

A

an increase in stretch = increase strength contraction = increase blood flow

38
Q

what factors influence venous return

A

intrathoracic pressure, blood volume, venous pressure

39
Q

what factor most influences venous return

A

muscle pump pressure

40
Q

if someone is aerobically trained will they have low or high SV and CO

A

high

41
Q

what does Fick principle mean

A

VO2 max (oxygen uptake)= HR * SV * arteriole diffusion

42
Q

what happens if someone stands for a long time

A

venous return will decrease b/c blood will pool at extremiites

43
Q

what is the most foundational training

A

aerobic

44
Q

what happens to SBP and DBP during resistance training

A

both increase during exercise

45
Q

what happens to preload, contractility, afterload during resistance training

A

decrease preload, increase contractility, increase afterload

46
Q

what happens to factors during dehydration

A

decrease blood flow, increase HR, decrease SV

47
Q

if there’s higher pressure, will there be more or less O2 available for the tissues

A

more oxygen

48
Q

does blood flow increase or decrease with increased intensity

A

increases

49
Q

what does increase in temperature do to Hmg and O2

A

causes disassociation of Hmg and O2

50
Q

def blood pressure

A

CO * peripheral resistance

51
Q

what happens to DBP during resistance training

A

increases

52
Q

what happens to DBP during aerobic training

A

decreases

53
Q

does blood flow increase or decrease during resistance training

A

decreases to muscles b/c vasoconstriction

54
Q

what’s the most important factor of resistance training on blood pressure

A

intensity of exercise, #2 factor: quantity of muscle mass activation

55
Q

what does Ach do

A

from PNS, will slow cardiac muscle down

56
Q

what is the best way to decrease BP over time

A

steady state exercise

57
Q

what does valsava maneuver cause

A

increase in BP acutely- don’t hold for too long b/c will decrease blood flow to heart

58
Q

what does valsava maneuver do to preload

A

decreases

59
Q

what factors cause CO to increase

A

larger heart, increase capillary density, increase mitochondria

60
Q

ventilation def

A

air into & out of lungs

61
Q

respiration def

A

gas exchange

62
Q

what does Boyle’s law say

A

at a fixed temp, pressure is inversely related to volume

63
Q

what is the primary factor of hypertension

A

peripheral resistance

64
Q

what contributes to hypertension

A

increase in insulin levels = increase in sympathetic activity, increase in sodium causes increase in BP

65
Q

what factors affect gas exchange

A

membrane thickness, partial pressure, surface area membrane

66
Q

does an increase in SA mean an increase or decrease in gas exchange

A

increase

67
Q

what is a limiting factor in respiration

A

BLOOD FLOW

68
Q

is ventilation a limiting factor in ventilatory control

A

no, it can’t be changed much

69
Q

what’s the fastest way to decrease BP

A

decrease HR

70
Q

what is involved in cardiac control

A

cerebral cortex, medulla oblangata, hypothalamus, afferent muscles, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

71
Q

what is the goal of cardiac control

A

maintain BP

72
Q

why is hypertension common in older people

A

endothelial tissue loses elasticity over time

73
Q

what happens FIRST when exercise begins

A

PNS control decreases, then SNS takes over

74
Q

in a cell, is K intracellular or extracellular

A

intracellular

75
Q

in a cell, is Na intracellular or extracellular

A

extracellular

76
Q

how does an increase in calcium impact the cardiac muscle

A

leads to increase in strength of muscle contraction

77
Q

do fit people have increased or decreased SV

A

increased, since heart doesn’t have to work as hard

78
Q

what affects preload

A

CO, blood volume, muscle and thoracic pump, posture, heart size, venous tone

79
Q

what affects afterload

A

arterial pressure= BP

80
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond do in the heart

A

changes in CO2 and O2 pressure

81
Q

what do baroreceptors respond to in the heart

A

influence contractility, HR, resistance

82
Q

what does hypothalamus influence

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation to respond to changes in body tempreature

83
Q

what do muscle afferents do

A

help balance the need of muscles for blood with the systemic need for BP control

84
Q

stroke volume will be higher for athletes compared to other factors

A

Spring 2022 classes (21 decks)

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