APK exam 3

Question 1

what does diffusion-limited mean

Answer 1

transfer of gas depends on properties of gas and diffusion barrier

Question 2

how fast is equilibrium for diffusion-limited

Answer 2

slow

Question 3

what is perfusion limited

Answer 3

blood flow determines rate of transfer

Question 4

what has the greatest influence on blood flow

Answer 4

resistance bc more pressure is needed to push the blood if there’s more/less resistance

Question 5

what is blood flow determined by

Answer 5

viscosity, radius, length

Question 6

does an obese person have more or less blood vessels

Answer 6

much more b/c more tissue = more vessels

Question 7

does CO increase or decrease w/ intensity

Answer 7

increase

Question 8

def systolic BP

Answer 8

pressure against arteries during systole

Question 9

what factor of heart is impacted by # crossbridges

Answer 9

contractability

Question 10

how is EDV related to contractility

Answer 10

directly

Question 11

how is EDV related to SV

Answer 11

directly

Question 12

how is EDV related to HR

Answer 12

indirectly

Question 13

does hypertension cause an increase or decrease in SV

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

does hypertension cause an increase or decrease in afterload

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

is pressure of CO2 lower or higher in arterial blood compared to venous blood

Answer 15

lower

Question 16

what should someone with hypertension avoid

Answer 16

any high intensity or high weight exercise, especially upper body exercise

Question 17

according to Fick’s law of diffusion what is inversely related to rate and SA

Answer 17

thickness

Question 18

according to Fick’s law, are rate and SA inversely or directly related

Answer 18

directly

Question 19

what’s the quickest way to decrease BP

Answer 19

lose weight

Question 20

what are other ways to decrease BP

Answer 20

limit salt, alcohol, aerobically train @ steady state

Question 21

do hypertensive pts need to be more careful with upper or lower body exercise

Answer 21

upper b/c blood vessels are smaller and will lead to quicker increase in BP

Question 22

what is approximate BP during exercise for healthy individual

Answer 22

180/65

Question 23

what does aerobically training to do SV

Answer 23

increase SV

Question 24

what does aerobically training do to CO

Answer 24

increase

Question 25

what are some local factors that increase blood pressure

Answer 25

increase temp, nitric oxide, adenosine, CO2, Mg, K

Question 26

what is = preload

Answer 26

EDV

Question 27

what's the most important factor affecting venous return

Answer 27

pumping pressure of the heart

Question 28

what does a greater surface area do to gas exchange

Answer 28

increase

Question 29

what are some factors that increase CO

Answer 29

> catecholamines, >blood flow b/c increase strength of contraction

Question 30

SV equation

Answer 30

EDV-ESV

Question 31

def preload

Answer 31

amount of blood returned to left ventricle

Question 32

what does greater aerobic ability do to preload

Answer 32

increases preload

Question 33

def contractility

Answer 33

force of contraction

Question 34

how is stretch related to pressure and stroke volume

Answer 34

increase stretch = increase pressure and SV

Question 35

def afterload

Answer 35

pressure in arteries after systole

Question 36

what does an increase in pressure do to afterload

Answer 36

increases afterload

Question 37

what does the frank starling mechanism mean

Answer 37

an increase in stretch = increase strength contraction = increase blood flow

Question 38

what factors influence venous return

Answer 38

intrathoracic pressure, blood volume, venous pressure

Question 39

what factor most influences venous return

Answer 39

muscle pump pressure

Question 40

if someone is aerobically trained will they have low or high SV and CO

Answer 40

high

Question 41

what does Fick principle mean

Answer 41

VO2 max (oxygen uptake)= HR * SV * arteriole diffusion

Question 42

what happens if someone stands for a long time

Answer 42

venous return will decrease b/c blood will pool at extremiites

Question 43

what is the most foundational training

Answer 43

aerobic

Question 44

what happens to SBP and DBP during resistance training

Answer 44

both increase during exercise

Question 45

what happens to preload, contractility, afterload during resistance training

Answer 45

decrease preload, increase contractility, increase afterload

Question 46

what happens to factors during dehydration

Answer 46

decrease blood flow, increase HR, decrease SV

Question 47

if there's higher pressure, will there be more or less O2 available for the tissues

Answer 47

more oxygen

Question 48

does blood flow increase or decrease with increased intensity

Answer 48

increases

Question 49

what does increase in temperature do to Hmg and O2

Answer 49

causes disassociation of Hmg and O2

Question 50

def blood pressure

Answer 50

CO * peripheral resistance

Question 51

what happens to DBP during resistance training

Answer 51

increases

Question 52

what happens to DBP during aerobic training

Answer 52

decreases

Question 53

does blood flow increase or decrease during resistance training

Answer 53

decreases to muscles b/c vasoconstriction

Question 54

what's the most important factor of resistance training on blood pressure

Answer 54

intensity of exercise, #2 factor: quantity of muscle mass activation

Question 55

what does Ach do

Answer 55

from PNS, will slow cardiac muscle down

Question 56

what is the best way to decrease BP over time

Answer 56

steady state exercise

Question 57

what does valsava maneuver cause

Answer 57

increase in BP acutely- don't hold for too long b/c will decrease blood flow to heart

Question 58

what does valsava maneuver do to preload

Answer 58

decreases

Question 59

what factors cause CO to increase

Answer 59

larger heart, increase capillary density, increase mitochondria

Question 60

ventilation def

Answer 60

air into & out of lungs

Question 61

respiration def

Answer 61

gas exchange

Question 62

what does Boyle's law say

Answer 62

at a fixed temp, pressure is inversely related to volume

Question 63

what is the primary factor of hypertension

Answer 63

peripheral resistance

Question 64

what contributes to hypertension

Answer 64

increase in insulin levels = increase in sympathetic activity, increase in sodium causes increase in BP

Question 65

what factors affect gas exchange

Answer 65

membrane thickness, partial pressure, surface area membrane

Question 66

does an increase in SA mean an increase or decrease in gas exchange

Answer 66

increase

Question 67

what is a limiting factor in respiration

Answer 67

BLOOD FLOW

Question 68

is ventilation a limiting factor in ventilatory control

Answer 68

no, it can't be changed much

Question 69

what's the fastest way to decrease BP

Answer 69

decrease HR

Question 70

what is involved in cardiac control

Answer 70

cerebral cortex, medulla oblangata, hypothalamus, afferent muscles, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 71

what is the goal of cardiac control

Answer 71

maintain BP

Question 72

why is hypertension common in older people

Answer 72

endothelial tissue loses elasticity over time

Question 73

what happens FIRST when exercise begins

Answer 73

PNS control decreases, then SNS takes over

Question 74

in a cell, is K intracellular or extracellular

Answer 74

intracellular

Question 75

in a cell, is Na intracellular or extracellular

Answer 75

extracellular

Question 76

how does an increase in calcium impact the cardiac muscle

Answer 76

leads to increase in strength of muscle contraction

Question 77

do fit people have increased or decreased SV

Answer 77

increased, since heart doesn't have to work as hard

Question 78

what affects preload

Answer 78

CO, blood volume, muscle and thoracic pump, posture, heart size, venous tone

Question 79

what affects afterload

Answer 79

arterial pressure= BP

Question 80

what do chemoreceptors respond do in the heart

Answer 80

changes in CO2 and O2 pressure

Question 81

what do baroreceptors respond to in the heart

Answer 81

influence contractility, HR, resistance

Question 82

what does hypothalamus influence

Answer 82

vasoconstriction and vasodilation to respond to changes in body tempreature

Question 83

what do muscle afferents do

Answer 83

help balance the need of muscles for blood with the systemic need for BP control

Question 84

stroke volume will be higher for athletes compared to other factors