Exam 2 Flashcards
how long do olfactory receptors last
30-60 days
supporting cells vs receptor cells of olfactory epithelium
supporting cells are made of columnar cells and surround olfactory cells, receptor cells are bowling pin shaped
where is the olfactory epithelium located?
the roof of the nasal cavity so mucus allows chemicals to dissolve
how many layers of cells does olfactory epithelium have
1 b/c pseudostratified epithelium
what is the function of the olfactory epithelium
the organ for smell to occur
where is sweet detected on the tongue
tip of the tongue
where is umami detected
the pharynx
where are sour and salty detected on the tongue
sides
where is bitter detected on the tongue
back of mouth
fungiform papillae def
found on the entire tongue, 1-5 taste buds each
foliate papillae def
found on the sides of tongue, decrease in number with age
circumvallate papillae def
found on back of tongue, form upside V shape, largest in size, smallest in number
filiform papillae
not used for taste, used for texture; covers most of the tongue, largest in number, cone shaped
how often are gustatory epithelium cells regenerated
7-10 days
what type of receptors are taste buds
chemoreceptors
what are the main types of taste buds
fungiform, foliate, circumvallate, filiform pillae
what sense is processed b/c glutamate
hearing, equilibrium, vision
features of olfactory transduction
G receptor protein receives message, Camp opens plasma membrane to allow for influx of Na and Ca cations, creates depolarization
where does olfactory transduction take place
nasal epithelium in the nasal cavity
depolarization of taste
signals reach gustatory hairs and saliva, depolarization causes NT release from synapse which triggers graded potential; receptors adapt partially and then fully
inner ear main purpose
balance, homeostasis, fluid filled, determine if sounds did/didn’t reach threshold; YES hearing
middle ear purpose
where vibrations that turn into sounds take place, location of eardrum
external ear purpose
secrete ear wax, protection, transfer sound to middle and inner ear
parts of inner ear
cochlea (organ of corti), vestibule (utricle and saccule)
parts of outer ear
auricle, helix, lobule, aaccoustic meatus
parts of middle ear
tympanic membrane (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, round window, pharyngotympanic tube (tensor tympani and stapedius)
frequency range of normal human hearing
0-120 dB
1500-4000 Hz
how do sound vibrations move through the ear and perceived by the brain
- sound waves pass through tympanic membrane
- ossicles vibrate amplifying the pressure
- pass through oval window through scali vestibule
4- either sound is amplified enough and will be processed by the brain or will not and won’t be processed by the brain
pathway of ossicles passing sound through
ear drum vibrates, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window
how many Hz is sound stimulated and will be processed
> 20
purpose of oval window
it’s narrow so sound vibrates more intensely when it passes through
def bony ossicles
where vibration of sound occurs
order of body ossicles in sound pathway
- maleus, 2. incus, 3. strap
what makes up cochlea
organ of corti: receptor organ for hearing
scala vestibuli: filled w/ perilymph, near oval window
scala media: cochlear duct, filled with endolymph
scala tympani: rounded window, filled with perilymph
what chamber is the oval window near
cochlea; sends sound through cochlea after passes through oval window
basilar membrane vs helicotrema membrane
basilar membrane: path of higher frequency, transmitted through cochlear duct
helicotrema membrane: frequency is too low, is not processed by the brain
what does transduction mean of the cochlea
a stimulus bends microvilli towards the kinociliium
kinocilium and stereocilium
both are microvilli in cochlea, kinocilium is the longest strand
depolarization of hair cells in the ear
ion channels open allowing Ca and Na to enter, depolarization takes place, glutamate is released which allows signals to be sent to the brain
hearing vs sound
reception of sound wave; pressure disturbance in a medium (air)
structures of brain associated with hearing
thalamus, medulla, midbrain, temporal lobe
more specifically: spiral ganglion, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nucleus, lateral lemniscus, inferior collisculus, medial geniculate nucleus, primary auditory cortex
location of receptors related to equilibrium
maculae in vestibule that contains saccule and utricle
receptors associated w/ dynamic (rotational) equilibrium
crista amullares- part of sensory canal
receptors associated with both static and dynamic equilibrium= linear
maculae
what makes up macula
hair cells w/ supporting cells that have both stereocilia and kinocilium, as well as jelly-like stones called otoliths
3 parts of macula that contribute to sense of equilibrium
utricle: horizontal movement
saccule: vertical movements
otoliths: calcium carbon crystals
how are maculae activated
hairs are bent which leads to creation of AP
purpose of maculae
monitors position of head in space, plays role in control posture, respond to linear acceleration
disorders of seeing include
tinnitus, conjunctivitis, keratitis, strabismus, nystagmus
def conduction deafness
due to problems with internal ear fluid like wax, otitis media
def sensorineural deafness
results from neural damage, due to loss of hair cells
tinnitus def
ringing, buzzing, clicking due to destruction of neurons
keratitis
inflammation of corna
strabismus def
weak muscle in one eye causing the other to deviate
nystagmus def
involuntary movement of eyes
conjunctivitis def
pink eye, inflammation of conjunctiva
meniere’s syndrome
labyrinth disorder affecting entire internal ear which leads to nausea, dizzy, etc
layers of eye
firbous layer, (outer) vascular layer (middle), inner (neural) layer
what makes up the fibrous layer of the eye
sclera: posterior part, cornea: anterior part
what part of the eye is most susceptible to damage
cornea
what part of the eye has pain receptors
cornea
parts of vascular layer of eye
choroid, ciliary body, iris
choroid part of vascular layer
posterior part, has blood vessels and is dark brown
ciliary body of vascular layer
ring covering the lense that controls shape of lens and has capillaries that allow fluid to go into eye
what part of the eye is colored and visible
iris
part of neural layer of eye
retina
parasympathetic and sympathetic action of eye muscles
PNS: bright, close vision, use sphincter pupillae
SNS: distant, dim vision, use dilator pupillae
pathway of tears when blink
lacrimal puncta: out of eye lacrimal canaliculi lacrimal sac lacrimal duct nasal cavity inferior meatus
extrinsic eye muscles
lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique
what eye muscles does VI (abducens) control
lateral rectus: laterally
what muscles do cranial nerve 8 oculomotor control
medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
what cranial nerve does 4: trochlear control
superior oblique
where are rectus muscles of eye found
superior, inferior, lateral on the eye
far point vision def
no adjustment needed to the lens to focus (20/20)
during distance vision are muscles relaxed or constricted
relaxed
events associated w/ distant vision
lens flattens, SNS relaxes ciliary muscle and lens flattens
greater distance away= flatter the lens= increase SNS = decrease PNS
*least amount of refraction, rays are parallel
adjustment of close vision
<6 m away
accommodation of lens (increase refractory power), constriction of pupil (enhance lens accommodation), convergence of eyeball (rotation to keep focus)
lense bulges, PNS contracts ciliary muscles which allow lens to bulge
wavelength of light energy levels
red= longest= lowest energy violet= shortest= most energy
why do we see colors
object reflects wavelengths and absorbs all others
what does white do for wavelengths
reflects every wavelength
what does black do for wavelengths
absorbs all wavelengths
def refraction
change in speed of light
phototransduction
light energy converted to graded receptor potential of 2 layers
wavelength of visible light
400-700 mm
photoreceptor types and properties
def: modified neurons w/ tips activated when light hits retina
* outer: increases SA, made of longer rods
* inner: articulates to cell body, thinner and connects to outer fibers
how often to photoreceptors regenerate
daily b/c destroyed by intense light, vision is maintained b/c outer segment is renewed every 24 hours
rod vs cone
rod= noncolor, very sensitive, yes dim light, more in #, in peripheral retina cone= color vision, not sensitive, less in #, mostly in central retina
glaucoma def
damage to optic nerve, usually happens when age, result of pressure in eye
retinal detachment def
part of retina pulls away from other tissue, may see flashing light or have trouble viewing full images
photoreceptors signal transduction pathway in dark
g-protein not activated, cGMP levels high, cGMP gated channels open, neurotransmitter activates bipolar cell which doesn’t cause NT release and no AP
photoreceptors signal transduction pathway in light
- g protein activated by rhodopsin, transfucin activates PDE to break down cGMP, cGMP gated ion channels close= no depolarization
- repolarization of photoreceptors inhibits bipolar cells, causes default activation of ganglion cells, causes AP
types of color blindness
red-green: most common, only males, photopigment loss
blue-yellow: males and females equally: photopigments missing or limited
complete color blindness: no color vision at all, rare
disorders of eye
color blindness: inherited, alter sensitivity, can be total loss, due to problem with seeing cones
neurotransmitters for gustation
serotonin and ATP
neurotransmitters for olfaction
GABA
neurotransmitters for hearing
AcH, glutamate
neurotransmitters for equilirbium
glutamate
neurotransmitter for vision
glutamate
stretch reflex def
muscle spindle stretched, reflex arc activated to resist stretch
golgi tendon reflex
relaxes muscle under high tension
crossed extensor reflex
reflex initiated to maintain balance
flexor reflex
withdrawal reflex: removed away from painful stimuli
superficial reflexes
reflexes activated by gentle cutaneous stimulation
plasma composition
mostly water (90%) and protein (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, waste products)
serum composition
same as plasma but fibrinogen is missing (used for blood clotting)
% different blood cells in whole blood
plasma: 55% blood
erythrocytes: 45%
buffy coat: platelets and leukocytes (<1%)
who are hematocrit levels highest in
newborns> adult men > adult women
thalassemia
inherited blood disorder that results in making less than necessary amount of hemoglobin
steps of hemostatis
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
what is vascular spasm/vasoconstriction
slows blood flow substaintially for 20-30 min by activated of SNS
platelet plug formation def
damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers, cell sticks and releases ADP, serotonin, etc= positive feedback mechanism
what can prevent platelet aggregation
intact endothelial cells release nitric oxide which causes blood vessel vasodilation and prevents platelets from aggregating
what triggers RBC production
hypoxia, low RBC count, decreased amt hemoglobin… stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin
features of hemoglobin
4 globin chains that bind to O2, oxyhemoglobin is O2 attached at high O2 concentration and deoxyhemoglobin is oxygen detached at low oxygen concentration
hemolytic anemia
breakdown of RBC from infection or improper immune functioning
aplastic anemia
form bone marrow failure b/c damage to stem cells that produce new cells
hemorrhagic anemia
blood loss from hemorrhage
pernicious anemia
b/c B12 malabsorption that leads to deficiency, low hemoglobin levels
polycythemia
abnormal excessive # RBC
thrombocytopenia
platelet deficiency
hemophilia
hereditary bleeding disorder
agglutinin or anti-AB bodies
cause blood cells to clump together depending on their composition of A or B
how much of the pop has Rh+ antigens compared to ABO
85% pop has Rh
what problems can Rh differences of mom and baby cause
hemolytic anemia in newborns that can lead to premature death of fetus or infant after birth
blood clot in vascular system
embolus: freely circulating blood clot
thrombus: blood vessel stationary and forms in vasculature system
