Exam 1 Flashcards
characteristics of skeletal muscle fiber
multinucleated, driven by activity and side, have phenotypes (I, IIa, IIx)
sarcolemma vs sarcoplasm
muscle fiber plasma membrane, muscle fiber cytoplasm
*both make up a muscle fiber
organelles in muscle fiber used in contraction
transverse tubules: conduct e- impulses
sarcoplasmic reticulum: channel parallel to myofibril and storage site for calcium
myofibrils
how are force and speed related and why is this important
inversely related; when more cross-bridges form (= greater force available), there is no change in the speed of the potential contraction)
what can increase the force of a muscle contraction
enzymes and catecholamines
what does the length of the muscle have to do with the number of cross bridges that can form
when a muscle is stretched, the active force decreases and passive force increase due to elasticity. when the muscle is at optimal length, it can form the highest number of cross bridges. this depends on the muscle itself
3 features of spinal cord that are unique
cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement, dura matter and arachnoid matter; all of these help protect the spinal cord
where is cerebral spinal fluid found
b/w arachnoid and pia matter= subarachnoid space
what is epidural space and where is it found
fat, found b/w vertebrae and dura matter
what do lateral horns innervate
visceral organs within the ANS; efferent
what do dorsal horns innervate
sensory region= afferent
what do ventral horns innervate
ANS and skeletal muscle= efferent
what nervous system is voluntary
somatic; voluntary muscle movement
what are the 3 layers of protection of vertebrae
(inside) pia matter, arachnoid matter, dura matter (outside)
what is the name of the smallest contractile unit
sarcomere
where is the sarcomere found
from 1 z disc to another z disc
which muscle fiber type increases/changes with training
type IIa fibers
what type of muscle fiber does not change with exercise
type I fiber
what is cranial nerve 3 called
oculomotor
what is cranial nerve 10 called
vagus nerve
what is cranial nerve 9 called
glossopharyngeal
what is cranial nerve 7 called
facial nerve
what is the difference b/w ioniotropic and metabotropic receptors
ion: carries through an ion channel
metab: g protein w/ accessory
what stage of nREM sleep do sleep spindles form
stage 2
what stage of nREM sleep do delta waves appear
stage 3 and 4
are delta waves normally found in awake adults
no, if they are then it indicates possible brain damage
where is the spinal cord found on the body
b/w and foramen magnus and T2
what parts of the brain are involved in non-declarative memories
skills- basal nuclei, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra
what parts of the brain are used for declarative memories
events/dates/etc basal ganglia, hipocampus, association cortex, cerebellum
what brain waves have the highest frequency
beta
what brain waves have low amplitude
alpha
what brain waves have high amplitude
delta
what brain waves are very irregular
theta
what stage of sleep does dreaming occur
REM
what stage of sleep do night terrors occur
nREM 4
what part of the brain is in control of memory consolidation
hippocampus
where is dopamine released and is related to non-declarative memory
substantia nigra- helps w/ reward and movement
how is LTM activated
Ach is released from basal forebrain
what binds to troponin
calcium
what activates actin and myosin binding site
ATP binds to actin
what happens when the muscle relaxes
tropomyosin blockage is restored and prevents further binding until Na binds again
what are the 3 types of ionotropic receptors
thermo, electro, mechano
types of metabolic
baroreceptor, proprioreceptor
encapsulated vs unencapsulated receptors
specialized structures vs no specialized structures
simple vs complex receptors
usually dendrites w/o specificity or protective structures
have specialized structure and function
does the amount of blood going to the skeletal muscles increase or decrease when SNS is activated
decreases b/c extremities are seen as less important; which is why we can get fatigue
are postganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated
unmyelinated
are preganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated
myelinated
what nervous system innervates blood vessels and sweat glands
sympathetic
what nervous system innverates submandibular and sublingual glands
parasympathetic NS
what happens if a muscle is longer than optimal length
actin and myosin are further apart and can’t make contact as well together to form cross bridges
what happens if the muscle is shorter than optimal length
the actin and myosin heads have trouble binding together b/c can’t connect as easily
how does the percentage of composure of satellite cells compare to the rest of the skeletal muscle
very small, about 15%
what creates more myonuclei
satellite cells
where are satellite cells located
basement membrane and plasma membrane
where are myonuceli found
cytoplasm
what do myonuclei do when muscle hypertrophy
increase the amount of protein, can also control the amount of cytoplasm
EC coupling
sodium initiates action potential. calcium channels triggered, calcium binds to troponin, myosin attaches to actin, ATP is phosphorylized, calcium is removed, troponin blocks myosin sites and muscle fibers are removed
