gross anatomy spine Flashcards
1
Q
what is located in the visceral anterior compartment of the neck
A
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, where respiratory and digestive tracts begin
2
Q
what is located in the visceral neurovascular compartments of the neck (2 lateral)
A
common carotid artery, IJV, vagus nerve
3
Q
what is located in the vertebral posterior compartment of the neck
A
cervical vertebrae and associated muscles
4
Q
where does air pass through when our mouth is empty
A
nasal cavity to nasopharynx or oral cavity to oropharynx
5
Q
where does air pass through when our mouth is full
A
larynx to trachea to tongue which blocks oropharynx
6
Q
when we swallow where does the food and air pass through
A
oral cavity to oropharynx to esophagus to laryngopharynx
7
Q
what closes in the mouth/throat to block food from going down the trachea
A
epiglottis
8
Q
what is the difference between thyroid cartilage and circoid cartilage
A
thyroid is large and superior, circoid is inferior and circles the airway
9
Q
what is the purpose of the pharynx
A
connect oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
10
Q
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx and what is their role
A
nasopharynx: superior constrictor
oropharynx: middle constrictor
laryngopharynx: inferior constrictor
11
Q
what is the role of the auricle
A
capture sound
12
Q
where does the aucostic meatus end
A
tympanic membrane
13
Q
what do the middle ear ossicles transfer sound from
A
tympanic membrane to inner ear
14
Q
stimulating what part of the ear may influence the vagus nerve
A
inner ear
15
Q
what are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic
A
r common carotid and r subclavian
16
Q
what are the 2 branches of l common carotid
A
internal and external carotid
17
Q
what is the primary blood supply to the face
A
external carotid artery
18
Q
where is the left subclavian artery found
A
above first rib, below clavicle
19
Q
where do the vertebral arteries pass
A
transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
20
Q
where does the internal jugular vein return blood to the heart from
A
face and cranium
21
Q
where does the external jugular vein return blood to the
A
cervical spine
22
Q
what is the passage of veins from distal to proximal
A
internal and external jugular, subclavian, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava
23
Q
what do carotid sinus do
A
mechanoreceptors that monitor changes to blood pressure
24
Q
what is carotid sinus innervated by
A
CN 9
25
what do carotid body monitor
chemoreceptors, change in blood chemistry
26
what is carotid body innervated by
CN9 &10
27
what are the triangles of the neck split by
SCM
28
anterior triangle contents and borders
A=midline
p=SCM
s=mandible
29
posterior triangle contents and borders
A=SCM P=trap I=middle 1/3 clavicle S=occiput
30
anterior triangle CN
7, 10, 11, 12
31
anterior triangle muscles
submental, submandibular
32
anterior triangle nodes
thyroid, parathyroid, lymph
33
anterior triangle vasculature
common carotid artery, IJV
34
posterior triangle muscles
occipital, omoclavicular, subtriangles, omohyoid, scalene, levator scapula, splenius capitis
35
CN posterior triangle
11, cervical plexus, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus trunks
36
posterior triangle vasculature
external jugular vein, subclavian artery, subclavian vein
37
nerves of cervical plexus
anterior rami (C1-C4)
lesser occipital (C2)
greater auricular (C2-C3)
transverse cervical (C2-C3)
supraclavicular (C3-C4)
38
cutaneus sensation anterior face/head
trigeminal and facial
39
posterior head cutaneus sensation
greater occiput, third occipital
40
lateral/inferior head neck cutaneus sensation
lesser occipital, greater auricular
41
what does a plexus mean
starts next to the spinal cord and combines into branches to innervate
42
what are the roots of brachial plexus
C5-T1
43
what are the trunks of brachial plexus
superior, middle, inferior
44
what are the divisions of brachial plexus
anterior and posterior; makes an X b/w C6-C7 and a Z b/w C7-C8
45
what are the cords of brachial plexus
lateral, posterior, medial
46
what are the terminal nerve branches of brachial plexus
musculocutaneus, axillary, radial, median, ulnar
47
what nerve roots is each nerve innvervated by
MC: C5-C7
axillary: C5-T1
radial: C5-T1
median: C5-T1
ulnar: C8-T1
48
brachial plexus branches of nerve roots
dorsal scapular
phrenic
long thoracic
49
brachial plexus branches of lateral cord
lateral pectoral, musculocutaneus, lateral cutaneus, median nerve
50
brachial plexus branches of trunks
suprascapular, nerve to subclavius **both coming off of superior trunk
51
brachial plexus branches of median nerve
medial pectoral, median cutaneus of arm, median cutaneus of forearm, ulnar nerve, median nerve
52
brachial plexus branches of posterior cord
suprascapular nerve, thoracodorsal, inferior suprascapular, axillary, radial
53
what is the main nerve for mastication
trigeminal
54
what are the 3 branches of trigeminal nerve
opthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), mandibular (V3)
55
what branch of the trigeminal nerve has some motor function
mandibular (V3)
56
what landmark divides the branches of the facial nerve
parotid gland
57
what are the pre-parotid branches of the facial nerve
posterior auricular, digastric
58
what are the post-parotid branches of the facial nerve
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
59
muscles of facial expression
orbicularis occuli, occipitofronalis, procerus, hasalis, zygomaticus major and minor, buccinator, levator labril superioris, orbicularis oris, mentalis, platysma
60
what are the suboccipital muscles
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and obliquus capitis inferior
61
what do the obliquus muscles do
keep head in correct position "right" on the body
62
posterior neck muscle layers
superficial: trapezius
intermediate: splenius capitis and cervicis
deep: spemispinalis capitis: extension and CL rotation of head/neck
63
what are the muscles of the lateral neck
SCM, scalenes
64
what muscle usually compensates for neck flexors
SCM
65
what muscle is very active for chest breathers
scalenes
66
what muscles attach to the first rib and pass through the brachial plexus
anterior scalenes
67
what muscle attaches to the second rib and has an extension component
posterior scalene
68
what are the anterior deep neck flexors
longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis lateralis, rectus capitis anterior
69
what is the anatomical location of anterior deep neck flexors
posterior to esophagus and trachea, anterior to vertebral bodies
70
4 suprahyoid muscles
digrastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, mylonhyoid
71
what do the suprahyoid muscles assist with
elevation, swallow, chew, speech
72
what are the infrahyoid muscles
sternothyroid, circothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
73
what do the infrahyoid muscles do
assist with depression
74
c1 vertebrae palpation
no vertebral body so harder, articulates with occpitial condyles
75
c2 vertebrae palpation
large dens, articlulates with anterior arch of C1, includes transverse ligament
76
C3-C7 palpation
short vertebral bodies and spinous processes
77
if the alar ligament is found to have a problem, is it a medical emergency
no it is not
78
what does the joint b/c C1 and C2 promote
rotation b/c planar joint and no disc b/w
79
what does the joint between the skull and C1 promote
flexion and extension
80
what is found in the anterior cranial cavity
frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone
81
what is found in the middle cranial cavity region
sphenoid bone, temporal bone, parietal bone
82
what cavity are the pituitary glands found
middle cranial cavity
83
what is found in the posterior cranial cavity
temporal, parietal, occipital bones
84
where is the foramen magnum found in the cranial cavities
posterior cranial cavity
85
what does the foramen magnum do
attaches the spinal cord to the brainstem
86
4 ligaments of the upper cervical spine
transverse ligament atlas, apical, alar, cruciform
87
what motion does alar ligament limit
rotation
88
what does apical ligament help with
sagittal plane stability
89
does the hyoid bone articulate with other bones
no it is surrounded by muscles and soft tissue
90
borders of hyoid bone
S: floor of oral cavity
I: larynx
P: pharynx
91
where do suboccipitals insert
occiput at superior nuchal line
92
how many bones does the skull have not including ear. bones
22
93
what type of joint is TMJ
synovial
94
what kind of pts does Dr Mckinnon often work with that relates to the spine
brain tumor
95
where did Dr Orton go with his wife for the weekend
Quebec City
96
where did Dr Mckinnon go for a wedding last week and got sick
Dominican republic
96
97
how can you determine if the nerve issue is a peripheral nerve or myotome
first test the myotome motion, if it is weak, test the peripheral nerve in a different way. if both are weak, it's likely a peripheral nerve issue. if the myotome motion is the most weak, it's likely a myotome issue
98
what is the acronym to remember order of brachial plexus as it moves distal
real therapists drink cold beer
99
what is the acryonym to remember order of nerve branches found superior to inferior on brachial plexus
marmu
100
what are some important bony landmarks coordinating with vertebrae
xiphoid process: T6
costal margin ribs: T3
umbilicis: T10
101
what does the intercostal nerve do
provide motor and sensory innervation for ribs
102
how many parts does the diaphragm have
L & R
103
what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve do
loop under aorta to the throat for vocal cords, has L and R sides
104
what are 3 nerves of the digestive system
greater splanchic, lesser splanchic, least splanchnic
105
where does indigestion take place b/c there's not really anywhere else for the acid to go
esophagus
106
what happens to bronchioles, HR, and force of contraction during sympathetic response
dilate, increase, increase
107
what happens to bronchioles, HR, and force of contraction during vagus response
constrict, decrease, decrease
108
what artery flows into the intercostal space
R & L internal thoracic
109
how do the superior ribs with respiration
pump handle motion (superior and anterior)
110
how do the inferior ribs move with respiration
bucket handle motion (superior and lateral)
111
what pec muscle is associated with TOS
pec minor
112
which intercostals are used for exhalation and inspiration
internal , external
113
what muscle is on the posterior aspect of the anterior wall
transverse thoracic
114
where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm
posterior, the esophagus and IVC pass through here
115
2 symphysis joints of ribs
manubriosternal and xiphiseral
116
synovial joints of ribs
costovertebral, costotransverse, interchondral, sternocostal
117
what synovial joint can be displaced by trauma or surgery
superior costotransverse
118
where is interchondral joint found
b/w false ribs
119
what kind of joint is 1st rib
fibrocartilaginous, the others are sternocostal joints
120
what rib is at the level of the sternal angle
rib 2
121
where does costal cartilage travel
anteriorly and attaches to the sternum
122
identify which ribs are true, false, floating
1-7 true
8-10 false
11-12 floating
123
what does a floating rib mean
no direct attachment with sternum
124
are superior or inferior ribs more stable
superior b/c articulate with manubrium... inferior articulate w/ diaphragm
125
describe the thoracic vertebrae in comparison with other regions
less mobility and more stability here b/c attach to ribs
126
what may cause a change in the pleural cavities
infection, trauma, swelling, fluid
127
what are the 2 pleural cavities
parietal: superficial
visceral: deep
128
what's included in the superior thoracic aperture
T1 vertebra, manubrium, medial margins of rib 1
129
what's included in the inferior thoracic aperture
T12 vertebra, ribs 11 and 12, rib 7-10, ziphoid process, esophagus, aorta, IVC
130
what helps create more space in the diaphragm for blood to flow
esophageal hiatus and aortic hiatus
131
what are 3 functions of the thorax
breath, protect, conduit
132
what's found in the posterior, anterior, lateral regions of the thorax
P: 12 vertebrae and IVD
A: sternum, manubrium, body of sternum, xiphoid process
L: 3 layers of flat muscles (intercostals)
133
how do you determine names of cervical vertebrae and nerve roots
C8 to T, name of nerve root is below the number of vertebrae
C1 to C7, name of nerve root is the same as vertebrae
ex) C8 nerve root is with C7 vertebrae b/c there are 8 cervical nerve roots and only 7 vertebrae
134
what is the function of thoracolumbar fascia
anchor muscles to increase stability
135
what are the 3 segmentum cervical muscles
levatores costarium, interspinales, intertransversarri
136
what are the 3 transversospindle muscles
semispinalis, mulfidus, rotatores
137
what are the 3 erector spinae muscles
illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
138
how to tell the difference b/w erector spinae muscles depending on where you are on the spine
illiocostalis: most lateral and greatest muscle belly inferior
longissimus: intermediate: greatest muscle belly thoracic area
spinalis: most medial, largest muscle belly superior
139
what are the 2 spinotransversales muscles
splenus capitis, splenus cervicis
140
what do intermediate thoracic muscles do
attach to ribs and serve respiratory function
141
what are 2 intermediate thoracic muscles
serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
142
what is the position of facet joints in the spine
cervical: slopped A to P
thoracic: vertical shape
lumbar: wrapped more
143
where do pelvic floor muscles attach
coccyx
144
where does illium articulate with spine
sacrum
145
which segment of the spine can withstand the largest load and has larger vertebral bodies compared to the others
lumbar spine
146
which segment of the spine is most stable
thoracic
147
what segment of the spine will demifacets be found
thoracic
148
what is a demifacet
where ribs articualte with 2 vertebral segments
149
where is the vertebral canal most narrow
thoracic spine
150
what are the vertebrae associated w/ each segment
C1-C2 (upper C)
C3-C7 (lower C)
T1-T12
L1-L5
151
what is the dens
fulcrum that allows for rotation at upper cervical spine
152
what is the function of the transverse ligament
prevent compression of the spinal cord
153
what is the function of the alar ligament
attach the dens and atlas, prevent 2 vertebrae from moving too far away from each other
154
which vertebra is called atlas and which is axis
C1 (Atlas), C2 (Axis)
155
what motion is most important at the C2 vertebra
rotation
156
what is the uncinate process
part of the lower C spine, where superior segment sits
157
which spinal segment has the largest transverse processes
thoracic b/c have to attach to ribs
158
what kind of joint is IVD
symphysis: nucleus pulposus is more fluid and needs nutrients, annulus fibrosis is rigid outer layer
159
what is the function of the vertebral body
embrace the load/force
160
what part of the vertebral body absorbs more force
anterior part
161
what is the function of lamina, pedicle, foramen transversarium
-base of transverse process to spinous process
-bridge of transverse process to vertebral body
-hole in transverse process where vertebral arteries pass through
162
t/f all parts of the spine move in the same direction at the same time
totally false. the spine moves in segments and the segments have different shapes
163
functions of the spine
support against gravity, move, protect spinal cord
164
what kind of curve does each segment have
C: secondary: convex in the anterior direction
T: primary: convex in the posterior direction
L: secondary: convex in the anterior direction
S/C: primary: convex in the posterior direction
165
how many vertebrae do the sacrum and coccyx have
5 (sacrum), 3 or 4 depending on the person, FUSED (coccyx)
166
what is the articulation at the TMJ
mandibular fossa of temporal bone + condylar process of mandible
167
what kind of joint is TMJ
true synovial, has a disc
168
does the superior part of the TMJ slide or spin
slide/translate
169
does the inferior part of the TMJ slide or spin
spin
170
what is the disc of TMJ made of
fibrocartilage disc, is good for repeated forces like chewing so it's important
171
what do protrusion and retrusion of TMJ mean
push bottom teeth forward
pull bottom teeth backward
172
for TMJ kinematics spin what part of TMJ should you look at to see how it moves
chin/anterior mandible
173
for depression of TMJ what has to happen
mandibular condyle translate anteriorly and spin to allow for opening, THEN superior portion translates anteriorly
174
for elevation of TMJ what has to happen
superior portion translates posteriorly, THEN inferior portion spins anteriorly
175
what are the muscles involved with depression of TMJ
digastric, LATERAL pterygoid, suprahyoid muscles
176
normal ROM TMJ depression
40-50 mm, 20-35 mm necessary for function
177
what is the arthokinematic motion of TMJ depression
first part: posterior rotation/spin
second part: anterior glide
178
muscles for TMJ elevation
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
179
arthrokinematic for TMJ elevation
first part: posterior glide of upper compartment
second part: anterior spin of lower compartment
180
muscles for TMJ protrusion
lateral and medial pterygoid
181
normal ROM TMJ protrusion
7 mm
182
arthrokinematic TMJ protrusion
anterior glide superior compartment
183
muscles for TMJ retrusion
temporalis, suprahyoid muscles
184
TMJ retrusion normal ROM
3-4 mm
185
arthrokinematic TMJ retrusion
posterior glide superior compartment
186
muscles for ipsilateral lateral deviation TMJ
masseter and temporalis
187
normal ROM lateral deviation TMJ
10-15 mm
188
arthrokinematic ispilateral lateral deviation
ipsilateral rotation in transverse plane
189
muscles for contralateral lateral deviation TMJ
medial and lateral pterygoids
190
arthrokinematic contralateral lateral deviation
anterior glide in upper compartment
191
what does TMJ open packed mean
no contact of teeth, tongue in resting position
192
what do lateral and medial collateral disc ligaments do
attach to medial and lateral poles of mandibular condyle, prevent frontal plane mvmt
193
what does lateral ligament of TMJ do
support laterally to resist posterior displacement, prevent excessive elevation of condyle into skull
194
what does stylomandibular ligament do
resist opening for excessive protrusion
195
what does sphenomandibular ligament do
support medially to TMJ and resist opening, most painful after prolonged mouth opening
196
what is the primary passive support of mandible
sphenomandibular ligament
197
compare temporalis and masseter articulations
t: connect temporal fossa to mandible
m: connect zygomatic bone to mandible
198
compare temporalis and masseter functions
both do elevation of mandible and ipsilateral lateral excursion of mandible. temporalis also does retraction of mandible
199
compare medial and lateral pterygoid function and innervation
-lateral: depression of mandible, protrusion mandible
-medial: elevation mandible
-both: contralateral lateral excursion of mandible and innervated by mandibular branch of CN 5
200
compare medial and lateral pterygoid origin and insertion
lateral upper: infratemporal fossa
lateral lower: pterygoid process
lateral insertion: TMJ capsule, TMJ disc, mandible
medial deep: pterygoid process
medial superficial: maxilla
medial insertion: mandible
201
trigeminal neuralgia
problem w/ chewing, caused by CN 5
202
bell's palsy
problem w/ facial expression, CN 7
203
post surgical sensory issues of face/jaw
CN 5 or 7
204
where is the spinal cord the thickest
brachial plexus and lumbar regions
205
what vertebra does the spinal cord end
L2
206
why is the thoracic spine so stable
attaches to ribs and has many ligaments to it
207
what part of the spine is built to withstand force
vertebral bodies
208
blood flow through the heart
209
chambers of heart
210
lung anatomy
