Neuroscience and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
It consists of the brain and nerves that coordinate actions and sensory information throughout the body.
A
Nervous System
2
Q
It consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
A
Central Nervous System
3
Q
It is an organ roughly half the size of a loaf of bread that constantly controls behavior.
A
Brain
4
Q
A bundle of nerves that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back; transmits messages between the brain and the body.
A
Spinal Cord
5
Q
It is made up of long axons and dendrites and contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord; it branches put from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body.
A
Peripheral Nervous System
6
Q
The part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the organs.
A
Somatic Division
7
Q
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs.
A
Autonomic Division
8
Q
2 parts of the Central Nervous System
A
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
9
Q
2 divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Somatic Division
- Autonomic Division
10
Q
2 parts of the Autonomic Division
A
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
11
Q
The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations.
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
12
Q
It is the threat where the organisms’ resources will engage and response.
A
Fight or Flight
13
Q
The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended.
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System
14
Q
The feeling of calmness of the body after an emergency has ended.
A
Rest and Digest
15
Q
It is called nerve cells and is the basic elements of the nervous system.
A
Neurons
16
Q
It is a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons.
A
Dendrites
17
Q
The part of the neuron that carries the messages to the other neurons.
A
Axon
18
Q
Small budges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons.
A
Terminal Buttons
19
Q
A protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.
A
Myelin Sheath
20
Q
The state in which there is a negative electrical charge of -70 millivolts within a neutron.
A
Resting State/Potential
21
Q
The rule that neutrons are either on or off.
A
All-Or-None Law
22
Q
An electrical nerve impulse that travels through a neuron’s axon when it is set off by a “trigger: changing the neuron’s change from negative to positive.
A
Action Potential
23
Q
The space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages.
A
Synapse
24
Q
Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrites (cell body) of a receiver neuron.
A
Neurotransmitter
25
2 other chemicals of Neurotransmitters
1. Excitatory Message
2. Inhibitory Message
26
A chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon.
Excitatory Message
27
A chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
Inhibitory Message
28
A chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream.
Endocrine System
29
2 chemicals in the Endocrine System
1. Hormones
2. Neurotransmitters
30
Chemicals that circulate slowly through the blood and body, regulates the functioning or growth of the body.
Hormones
31
Travel across synapses only, is quick and remain in the nervous system.
Neurotransmitter
32
3 parts of the Brain
1. Hindbrain
2. Midbrain
3. Forebrain
33
4 parts of the Hindbrain
1. Medulla
2. Cerebellum
3. Pons
4. Reticular Formation
34
Responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation.
Medulla
35
Controls bodily balance.
Cerebellum
36
Involved in sleep and arousal.
Pons
37
A networks of neurons related to sleep, arousal, and attention.
Reticular Formation
38
4 parts of the Forebrain
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Limbic System
4. Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex
39
Relay center for cortex; handles incoming and outgoing signals.
Thalamus
40
A tiny part of the brain, located below the thalamus, that maintains homeostasis and produces and regulates vital behavior, such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.
Hypothalamus
41
The part of the brain that controls eating, aggression, and reproduction.
Limbic System
42
The "new brain", responsible for the most sophisticated information procession in the brain.
Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex
43
4 lobes in the Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
44
The motor cortex/area that is largely responsible for the body's voluntary movement.
Frontal Lobe
45
The sensory cortex/area and the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue.
Parietal Lobe
46
The auditory cortex/area that is responsible for the sense of hearing.
Temporal Lobe
47
The visual cortex/area which is the raw sensory input of images from the eyes is received in this area of the brain and transformed into meaningful stimuli.
Occipital Lobe
48
Symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location.
Hemisphere
49
The dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions such as language.
Lateralization
50
It concentrates more on tasks that require verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning.
Left Hemisphere
51
It has its own strengths, particularly in nonverbal areas such as the understanding of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression.
Right Hemisphere
52
Psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior.
Behavioral Neuroscience
53
It incorporates the hereditary material that determines how a cell will function.
Nucleus
54
It provide nourishment to neurons, insulate them, help repair damage, and generally support neural functioning.
Glial Cell
55
It generally move across neurons in one direction only, as if they were travelling on a one-way street.
Impulses
56
Neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior.
Mirror Neurons
57
A chemical recycling which is an example of neurotransmitter being either deactivated by an enzyme or reabsorbed by the terminal button.
Reuptake
58
An antidepressant that permit certain neurotransmitter to remain active for a longer period at certain synapses in the brain, thereby reducing the symptoms of depression.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitory (SSRIs)
59
One of the most common neurotransmitters which is found throughout the nervous system.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
60
Common excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory.
Glutamate
61
It is found in both the brain and the spinal cord, appears to be the nervous system's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Gamma-amina Butyric Acid (GABA)
62
A major neurotransmitter which is involved in movement, attention, and learning.
Dopamine
63
Neurotransmitter that is associated with the regulation of sleep, eating, mood, and pain.
Serotonin
64
A class of neurotransmitters that are a family of chemicals produced by the brain that are similar in structure to painkilling drugs such as morphine.
Endorphins
65
It secretes chemical messages that circulate through the blood and communicates messages that influence behavior and many aspects of biological functioning.
Endocrine System
66
An automatic involuntary response to an incoming stimulus.
Reflex
67
It transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system and the brain.
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
68
It communicate information in the opposite direction from the brain and nervous system to muscles and glands.
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
69
A condition in which people lose voluntary muscle movement below the neck.
Quadriplegia
70
A less severe but still debilitating condition where people are unable to voluntarily move any muscles in the lower half of the body.
Paraplegia
71
A key component of the endocrine system that sometimes called as "master gland", which is found near and regulated by the hypothalamus.
Pituitary Gland
72
A drug that functions similar to a testosterone which is increasingly common.
Steroids
73
4 most important scanning techniques
1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
3. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (IMRI)
4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Imaging (TMS)
74
It records electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the outside of the skull.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
75
It scan provide a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain structures and activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (IMRI)
76
It scan show biochemical activity within the brain at a given moment.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
77
It exposes a tiny region of the brain to a strong magnetic field, thereby causing a momentary interruption of electrical activity.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Imaging (TMS)
78
One of the newest procedures used to study the brain as it produces effects similar to what would occur if areas of the brain were physically cut.
Virtual Lesion
79
It involves genetic engineering and the use of special types of light to view individual circuits of neurons.
Optogenetics
80
It is sometimes referred to as "old brain" because its evolution can be traced back some 500 million years to primitive structures found in nonhuman species.
Central Core
81
First part of the central core of the brain that contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
Hindbrain
82
The middle section of the brain.
Midbrain
83
The front most part of the brain.
Forebrain
84
Deep groves that physically separates the four sets of lobes.
Sulci
85
3 major areas of the Cerebral Cortex
1. Motor Areas
2. Sensory Areas
3. Association Areas
86
A shaded portion in the frontal lobe and is part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the specific locale within the body.
Motor Area
87
It includes region in corresponding primarily to body sensations, sight, and sound.
Sensory Area
88
It encompasses specific locations associated with the ability to perceive touch and pressure in a particular area of the body located at the parietal lobe.
Somatosensory Area
89
It is responsible for the sense of hearing located at the temporal lobe.
Auditory Area
90
It responds in the same way to electrical stimulation located in the occipital lobe.
Visual Area
91
These are the site of higher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and speech.
Association Area
92
These are controlled by the association area which abilities are related to planning, goal setting, judgement, and impulse control.
Executive Functions
93
Results from the injuries to the association areas of the brain and causes problems with language.
Aphasia
94
Illness where speech becomes halting, laborious, and often ungrammatical, and a speaker is unable to find the right words.
Broca's Aphasia
95
It produces difficulties both in understanding other's speech and in the production of language.
Wernicke's Aphasia
96
It refers to changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition on new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganizations, or information-processing areas.
Neuroplasticity
97
A process where new neurons are created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood.
Neurogenesis
98
It is caused by a gradual loss of cells that stimulate the production of dopamine in the brain.
Parkinson's Disease
99
Immature cells from human fetuses that have the potential to develop into a variety of specialized cell types.
Stem Cells
100
A neuroscientists that explains that more critical difference occurs in processing between the upper and lower halves of the brain.
Stephen Kosslyn
101
A bundle of fibers that connects the hemispheres of the brain that is proportionally larger in women than in men.
Corpus Collosum
102
Patients whose corpus collosum have been cut or injured.
Split-brain Patients
103
Psychologist that developed a number ingenious techniques for studying how each hemisphere operates.
Roger Sperry
104
It is a procedure in which a person learn to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart, and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating, and the constriction of particular muscles.
Biofeedback
105
A for of biofeedback where a brain activity is displayed for a patient.
Neurofeedback
