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Introduction to Psychology > Neuroscience and Behavior > Flashcards

Neuroscience and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

It consists of the brain and nerves that coordinate actions and sensory information throughout the body.

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

It consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

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3
Q

It is an organ roughly half the size of a loaf of bread that constantly controls behavior.

A

Brain

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4
Q

A bundle of nerves that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back; transmits messages between the brain and the body.

A

Spinal Cord

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5
Q

It is made up of long axons and dendrites and contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord; it branches put from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the organs.

A

Somatic Division

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7
Q

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs.

A

Autonomic Division

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8
Q

2 parts of the Central Nervous System

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
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9
Q

2 divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Somatic Division
  2. Autonomic Division
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10
Q

2 parts of the Autonomic Division

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
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11
Q

The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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12
Q

It is the threat where the organisms’ resources will engage and response.

A

Fight or Flight

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13
Q

The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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14
Q

The feeling of calmness of the body after an emergency has ended.

A

Rest and Digest

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15
Q

It is called nerve cells and is the basic elements of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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16
Q

It is a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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17
Q

The part of the neuron that carries the messages to the other neurons.

A

Axon

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18
Q

Small budges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons.

A

Terminal Buttons

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19
Q

A protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.

A

Myelin Sheath

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20
Q

The state in which there is a negative electrical charge of -70 millivolts within a neutron.

A

Resting State/Potential

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21
Q

The rule that neutrons are either on or off.

A

All-Or-None Law

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22
Q

An electrical nerve impulse that travels through a neuron’s axon when it is set off by a “trigger: changing the neuron’s change from negative to positive.

A

Action Potential

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23
Q

The space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages.

A

Synapse

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24
Q

Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrites (cell body) of a receiver neuron.

A

Neurotransmitter

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25
Q

2 other chemicals of Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Excitatory Message
  2. Inhibitory Message
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26
Q

A chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon.

A

Excitatory Message

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27
Q

A chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.

A

Inhibitory Message

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28
Q

A chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine System

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29
Q

2 chemicals in the Endocrine System

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Neurotransmitters
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30
Q

Chemicals that circulate slowly through the blood and body, regulates the functioning or growth of the body.

A

Hormones

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31
Q

Travel across synapses only, is quick and remain in the nervous system.

A

Neurotransmitter

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32
Q

3 parts of the Brain

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
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33
Q

4 parts of the Hindbrain

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Pons
  4. Reticular Formation
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34
Q

Responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation.

A

Medulla

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35
Q

Controls bodily balance.

A

Cerebellum

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36
Q

Involved in sleep and arousal.

A

Pons

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37
Q

A networks of neurons related to sleep, arousal, and attention.

A

Reticular Formation

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38
Q

4 parts of the Forebrain

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Limbic System
  4. Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex
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39
Q

Relay center for cortex; handles incoming and outgoing signals.

A

Thalamus

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40
Q

A tiny part of the brain, located below the thalamus, that maintains homeostasis and produces and regulates vital behavior, such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.

A

Hypothalamus

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41
Q

The part of the brain that controls eating, aggression, and reproduction.

A

Limbic System

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42
Q

The “new brain”, responsible for the most sophisticated information procession in the brain.

A

Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex

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43
Q

4 lobes in the Cerebrum and Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Temporal Lobe
  4. Occipital Lobe
44
Q

The motor cortex/area that is largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement.

A

Frontal Lobe

45
Q

The sensory cortex/area and the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue.

A

Parietal Lobe

46
Q

The auditory cortex/area that is responsible for the sense of hearing.

A

Temporal Lobe

47
Q

The visual cortex/area which is the raw sensory input of images from the eyes is received in this area of the brain and transformed into meaningful stimuli.

A

Occipital Lobe

48
Q

Symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location.

A

Hemisphere

49
Q

The dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions such as language.

A

Lateralization

50
Q

It concentrates more on tasks that require verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning.

A

Left Hemisphere

51
Q

It has its own strengths, particularly in nonverbal areas such as the understanding of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression.

A

Right Hemisphere

52
Q

Psychologists who specialize in considering the ways in which the biological structures and functions of the body affect behavior.

A

Behavioral Neuroscience

53
Q

It incorporates the hereditary material that determines how a cell will function.

A

Nucleus

54
Q

It provide nourishment to neurons, insulate them, help repair damage, and generally support neural functioning.

A

Glial Cell

55
Q

It generally move across neurons in one direction only, as if they were travelling on a one-way street.

A

Impulses

56
Q

Neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior.

A

Mirror Neurons

57
Q

A chemical recycling which is an example of neurotransmitter being either deactivated by an enzyme or reabsorbed by the terminal button.

A

Reuptake

58
Q

An antidepressant that permit certain neurotransmitter to remain active for a longer period at certain synapses in the brain, thereby reducing the symptoms of depression.

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitory (SSRIs)

59
Q

One of the most common neurotransmitters which is found throughout the nervous system.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

60
Q

Common excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory.

A

Glutamate

61
Q

It is found in both the brain and the spinal cord, appears to be the nervous system’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A

Gamma-amina Butyric Acid (GABA)

62
Q

A major neurotransmitter which is involved in movement, attention, and learning.

A

Dopamine

63
Q

Neurotransmitter that is associated with the regulation of sleep, eating, mood, and pain.

A

Serotonin

64
Q

A class of neurotransmitters that are a family of chemicals produced by the brain that are similar in structure to painkilling drugs such as morphine.

A

Endorphins

65
Q

It secretes chemical messages that circulate through the blood and communicates messages that influence behavior and many aspects of biological functioning.

A

Endocrine System

66
Q

An automatic involuntary response to an incoming stimulus.

A

Reflex

67
Q

It transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system and the brain.

A

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

68
Q

It communicate information in the opposite direction from the brain and nervous system to muscles and glands.

A

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

69
Q

A condition in which people lose voluntary muscle movement below the neck.

A

Quadriplegia

70
Q

A less severe but still debilitating condition where people are unable to voluntarily move any muscles in the lower half of the body.

A

Paraplegia

71
Q

A key component of the endocrine system that sometimes called as “master gland”, which is found near and regulated by the hypothalamus.

A

Pituitary Gland

72
Q

A drug that functions similar to a testosterone which is increasingly common.

A

Steroids

73
Q

4 most important scanning techniques

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  3. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (IMRI)
  4. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Imaging (TMS)
74
Q

It records electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the outside of the skull.

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

75
Q

It scan provide a detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated image of brain structures and activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body.

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (IMRI)

76
Q

It scan show biochemical activity within the brain at a given moment.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

77
Q

It exposes a tiny region of the brain to a strong magnetic field, thereby causing a momentary interruption of electrical activity.

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Imaging (TMS)

78
Q

One of the newest procedures used to study the brain as it produces effects similar to what would occur if areas of the brain were physically cut.

A

Virtual Lesion

79
Q

It involves genetic engineering and the use of special types of light to view individual circuits of neurons.

A

Optogenetics

80
Q

It is sometimes referred to as “old brain” because its evolution can be traced back some 500 million years to primitive structures found in nonhuman species.

A

Central Core

81
Q

First part of the central core of the brain that contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

A

Hindbrain

82
Q

The middle section of the brain.

A

Midbrain

83
Q

The front most part of the brain.

A

Forebrain

84
Q

Deep groves that physically separates the four sets of lobes.

A

Sulci

85
Q

3 major areas of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Motor Areas
  2. Sensory Areas
  3. Association Areas
86
Q

A shaded portion in the frontal lobe and is part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the specific locale within the body.

A

Motor Area

87
Q

It includes region in corresponding primarily to body sensations, sight, and sound.

A

Sensory Area

88
Q

It encompasses specific locations associated with the ability to perceive touch and pressure in a particular area of the body located at the parietal lobe.

A

Somatosensory Area

89
Q

It is responsible for the sense of hearing located at the temporal lobe.

A

Auditory Area

90
Q

It responds in the same way to electrical stimulation located in the occipital lobe.

A

Visual Area

91
Q

These are the site of higher mental processes such as thinking, language, memory, and speech.

A

Association Area

92
Q

These are controlled by the association area which abilities are related to planning, goal setting, judgement, and impulse control.

A

Executive Functions

93
Q

Results from the injuries to the association areas of the brain and causes problems with language.

A

Aphasia

94
Q

Illness where speech becomes halting, laborious, and often ungrammatical, and a speaker is unable to find the right words.

A

Broca’s Aphasia

95
Q

It produces difficulties both in understanding other’s speech and in the production of language.

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

96
Q

It refers to changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition on new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganizations, or information-processing areas.

A

Neuroplasticity

97
Q

A process where new neurons are created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood.

A

Neurogenesis

98
Q

It is caused by a gradual loss of cells that stimulate the production of dopamine in the brain.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

99
Q

Immature cells from human fetuses that have the potential to develop into a variety of specialized cell types.

A

Stem Cells

100
Q

A neuroscientists that explains that more critical difference occurs in processing between the upper and lower halves of the brain.

A

Stephen Kosslyn

101
Q

A bundle of fibers that connects the hemispheres of the brain that is proportionally larger in women than in men.

A

Corpus Collosum

102
Q

Patients whose corpus collosum have been cut or injured.

A

Split-brain Patients

103
Q

Psychologist that developed a number ingenious techniques for studying how each hemisphere operates.

A

Roger Sperry

104
Q

It is a procedure in which a person learn to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart, and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating, and the constriction of particular muscles.

A

Biofeedback

105
Q

A for of biofeedback where a brain activity is displayed for a patient.

A

Neurofeedback

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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