Learning Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.
Learning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that responses.
Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that doesn’t necessarily cause any reaction.
Neutral Stimulus
It refers to the responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
Law of Effect
It is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Operant Conditioning
It is anything that leads to an increase in behavior.
Reinforcement
2 forms of Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement
- Negative Reinforcement
A stimulus that is added to increase a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
An unpleasant stimulus that is removed to increase a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Anything that leads to decrease in behavior.
Punishment
2 forms of Punishment
- Positive Punishment
- Negative Punishment
An unpleasant stimulus that is added to decrease a behavior.
Positive Punishment
A stimulus that is removed to decrease a behavior.
Negative Punishment
It is where we connect new information with information we already know.
Deep Processing
It stays in short term memory.
Repetition (Shallow Processing)
It makes sure that information goes to Long Term Memory.
Effective Studying (Deep Processing)
4 Effective Studying Methods
- Not Very Effective: Rereading and Highlighting
- Sometimes Effective: Summarizing, Keyword Mnemonic, and Mental Imagery
- Effective: Elaborative Interrogation and Self-Explanation
- Very Effective: Practice Testing, Distributed Practice, and Interleaved Practice
Repeatedly reading material after an initial reading session.
Rereading
Making main points and concepts in materials in order to have them stand out from the rest of the material.
Highlighting
Getting the main points of concept/paragraph and excluding unimportant parts.
Summarizing
Getting keywords from materials and making mental interactive images using those words.
Keyword Mnemonic
Creating mental images for every paragraph of the material being read.
Mental Imagery
Asking yourself why a certain fact/concept can be true, and generating explanations using previous knowledge.
Elaborative Interrogation
Explaining your thought process when thinking about materials and adding onto the knowledge using previously learned information.
Self-Explanation
Items/Information that you create on your own, rather than passively receiving them, are more likely to be remembered.
Generation Effect
A low-stakes practice of retrieval for important information done by a student outside of class time.
Practice Testing
Distributing studying/learning over spaced periods of time, as opposed to cramming or back-to-back studying.
Distributed Practices
Inserting the studying of materials/different kinds of problems from different topics/chapters in singular study sessions.
Interleaved Practice
The fluency and the familiarity effect.
Illusions of Learning
A Russian physiologist that never intended to do a psychological research, yet won the Nobel Prize for his work on digestion which is a testimony to his contribution to that field.
Ivan Pavlov
It is the decrease to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Habituation
It is a natural, innate response that occurs automatically and needs no training and are always brought about by the presence of unconditioned stimuli.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
2 psychologists that showed that classical conditioning was at the root of such fears by conditioning an 11-month-old infant named Albert to be afraid of rats.
- John B. Watson
- Rosalie Rayne
These are intense, irrational fears that may develop by classical conditioning cases.
Phobias
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Extinction
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
Spontaneous Recovery
A process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.
Stimulus Generalization
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
Stimulus Discrimination
A learning psychologist that found that some organisms, including humans, were biologically prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled or tasted like something that made them sick.
John Garcia
It is when the taste pf a particular food is associated with unpleasant symptoms such as nausea or vomiting.
Taste Aversion
He stated that the cat would have learned that pressing the paddle was associated with the desirable consequence of getting food.
Edward L. Thorndike
Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
Law of Effect
One of the 20th century’s most influential psychologist where Thorndike’s early research served as the foundation.
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner
A chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
Skinner Box
A chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
Skinner Box
A chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
Skinner Box
A chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
Skinner Box
A chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
Skinner Box
A chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals.
Skinner Box
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
Reinforcer
It satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s previous experience.
Primary Reinforcer
It is a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer.
Secondary Reinforcer
It is where secondary reinforcers make up these heart and are sometimes used in the treatment of some psychological disorders for those who are in the instutions.
Token Systems
It is limited to positive occurrences, and this is where it differs from a reinforcer, for it turns out that reinforcers can be positive or negative.
Reward
Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement
A schedule in which behaviors is reinforced every time the behavior occurs.
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time.
Partial (or Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
Fixed-ratio Schedule
A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
Variable-ratio Schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed.
Fixed-interval Schedule
A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
Variable-interval Schedule
A behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in its absence.
Stimulus Control Training
It signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response.
Discriminative Stimulus
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
A built-in limitations in the ability of animals to learn particular behaviors.
Biological Constraints
A technique whose goal is to increase the frequency of desirable and decrease the incidence of unwanted ones.
Behavior Modification
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
Cognitive Learning Theory
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying.
Latent Learning
A mental representation of spatial locations and affections.
Cognitive Map
Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model.
Observational Learning
A psychologist that stated that a major part of human learning is consists of observational learning.
Albert Bandura
Psychologist that studied that violent video games have also been linked with actual aggression.
Craig Anderson
They urged parents to ensure that their children avoid exposure to violent media of any sort.
American pediatric Association
It master material through understanding the “big picture” about something.
Relational Learning Style
They do best when they first analyze the various components underlying an object, phenomenon, or situation.
Analytical Learning Style
4 types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule
- Variable-Ratio Schedule
- Fixed-Interval Schedule
- Variable-Interval Schedule
