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Introduction to Psychology > Cognition and Language > Flashcards

Cognition and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain activity in which people mentally manipulate information, including words, visual images, sounds, or other data.

A

Thinking

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2
Q

Representations in the mind of an object or event.

A

Mental Images

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3
Q

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.

A

Concepts

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4
Q

Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.

A

Prototypes

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5
Q

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions.

A

Reasoning

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6
Q

2 types of Reasoning

A
  1. Deductive Reasoning
  2. Inductive Reasoning
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7
Q

Reasoning from the general to the specific.

A

Deductive Reasoning

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8
Q

Reasoning from the specific to the general.

A

Inductive Reasoning

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9
Q

A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem.

A

Algorithm

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10
Q

A thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or decision, but may sometimes lead to errors.

A

Heuristic

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11
Q

It involves judging the likelihood or an event occurring on the basis of how easy it is to think of examples.

A

Availability Heuristic

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12
Q

2 types of Heuristic

A
  1. Availability Heuristic
  2. Familiarity Heuristic
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13
Q

It leads us to believe that familiar items are superior to those that are unfamiliar.

A

Familiarity Heuristic

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14
Q

The filed that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities, computers can show rudiments of humanlike thinking because of their knowledge of where to look for answers to problems.

A

Artificial Intelligence

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15
Q

The nature of the problem itself and the information needed to solve it are available and clear such as a mathematical equation or the solution to a jigsaw puzzle.

A

Well-Defined Problem

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16
Q

It is not only may the specific nature of the problem be unclear, the information required to solve the problem may be even less obvious.

A

Ill-Defined Problem

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17
Q

It require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements of the problem in a way that will satisfy specific criteria.

A

Arrangement Problems

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18
Q

A person must identify the existing relationships among the elements presented in the problem and then construct a new relationship among them.

A

Problems of Inducing Structure

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19
Q

It consist of an initial state, a goal state, and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state.

A

Transformation Problems

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20
Q

It involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists.

A

Means-Ends Analysis

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21
Q

Another heuristic commonly used to generate solutions is to divide a problem with intermediate steps.

A

Subgoals

22
Q

A German psychologist that examined learning and problem-solving processes in chimpanzees.

A

Wolfgang Kohler

23
Q

A sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another.

A

Insight

24
Q

The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use.

A

Functional Fixedness

25
Q

A framework for thinking about a problem based on our prior experience with similar problems

A

Mental Set

26
Q

A commonly used term to encourage creativity that stems from research on overcoming the constraining effects of mental set.

A

“Thinking outside the box”

27
Q

The tendency to seek out and weight more heavily information that supports one’s initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions.

A

Confirmation Bias

28
Q

The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways.

A

Creativity

29
Q

Thinking that generates unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions.

A

Divergent Thinking

30
Q

Thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a single answer and which produces responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic.

A

Convergent Thinking

31
Q

A process where we divide a problem into intermediate steps and allows us to examine each part for new possibilities and approaches, leading to a novel solution for the problem as a whole.

A

Fractionation

32
Q

It provide alternative frameworks for the interpretation of facts and help us uncover new understanding.

A

Analogies

33
Q

The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

A

Language

34
Q

The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.

A

Grammar

35
Q

The study of smallest units of speech.

A

Phonology

36
Q

The smallest units of speech.

A

Phonemes

37
Q

Ways in which word and phrases can be combined to form sentences.

A

Syntax

38
Q

The meanings of words and sentences.

A

Semantics

39
Q

Meaningless speechlike sounds made by children from around the age of 3 months through 1 year.

A

Babble

40
Q

Sentences in which only essential words are used.

A

Telegraphic Speech

41
Q

The phenomenon by which children over-apply a language a rule, thereby making a linguistic error.

A

Overgeneralization

42
Q

The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

A

Learning-Theory Approach

43
Q

3 major explanations of Language Acquisition

A
  1. Learning-Theory Approach
  2. Nativist Approach
  3. Interactionist Approach
44
Q

A linguist that provide a groundbreaking alternative and argued that human are born with an innate linguistic capability that emerges primarily as a function of maturation.

A

Noam Chomsky

45
Q

The theory that humans are biologically pre-wired to learn language at certain times and in particular ways.

A

Nativist Approach

46
Q

It lets us understand the structure language provides.

A

Universal Grammar

47
Q

The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predisposition and circumstances in someone’s environment that help teach language.

A

Interactionist Approach

48
Q

A linguist that contended that Eskimo’s language provides a particularly rich vocabulary tp describe it and considerably larger than what we find in other languages.

A

Benjamin Lee Whorf

49
Q

The hypothesis that language shapes and may determine the way people perceive and understand the world.

A

Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis

50
Q

It is where students learn some subjects in their native language while simultaneously learning English.

A

Bilingual Education

51
Q

It is where students are immediately plunged into English instruction in all subjects.

A

Immersion Programs

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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