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Introduction to Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.

A

Memory

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2
Q

3 Process of Memory

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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3
Q

The process of acquiring sensory information and transforming it into a format that can be stored in memory.

A

Encoding

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4
Q

Very brief store, lasting less than a second and captures a picture of what the senses acquire.

A

Sensory Memory

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5
Q

It may last forever and be unlimited.

A

Retrieval

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6
Q

Accessed again through retrieval.

A

Long-Term Memory

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7
Q

These are stimuli that aid in retrieval.

A

Retrieval Cues

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8
Q

It lasts from 20-45 seconds or 3-7 chunks and information is maintained through rehearsal.

A

Short-Term/Working Memory

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9
Q

The maintenance of material saved in memory.

A

Storage

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10
Q

It dominated memory research for several decades, there are different memory storage systems or stages through which information must travel if it is to be remembered.

A

Three-system Approach to Memory

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11
Q

It reflects information from the visual system.

A

Iconic Memory

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12
Q

It stores auditory information coming from the ears.

A

Echoic Memory

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13
Q

Psychologist that demonstrated the existence of sensory memory in a series of clever and now-classic studies.

A

George Sperling

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14
Q

A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit in short-term memory.

A

Chunk

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15
Q

The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.

A

Rehearsal

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16
Q

It occurs when the information is considered and organized in some fashion.

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

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17
Q

A method for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered.

A

Mnemonics

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18
Q

A memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information.

A

Working Memory

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19
Q

It is involved in reasoning and decision making.

A

Central Executive Processes

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20
Q

It specializes in visual and spatial information.

A

Visual Store

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21
Q

It holds and manipulate material relating to speech, words, and numbers.

A

Verbal Store

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22
Q

It contains information that represents episodes or events.

A

Episodic Buffer

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23
Q

3 distinct storage-and-rehearsal systems of the Central Executive Processes

A
  1. Visual Store
  2. Verbal Store
  3. Episodic Buffer
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24
Q

It occurs in which items presented early in a list are remembered better.

A

Primary Effect

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25
Q

It is seen, in which items presented late in a list are remembered best.

A

Recency Effect

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26
Q

4 memory modules of Long-term Memory

A
  1. Declarative Memory
  2. Procedural Memory
  3. Semantic Memory
  4. Episodic Memory
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27
Q

It is a memory for factual information; names, faces. dates, and facts.

A

Declarative Memory

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28
Q

It refers to memory for skills and habits.

A

Procedural (Nondeclarative) Memory

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29
Q

Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

A

Semantic Memory

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30
Q

Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context.

A

Episodic Memory

31
Q

Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.

A

Semantic Networks

32
Q

A process where one memory is activating triggering the activation of related memories.

A

Spreading Activation

33
Q

The term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory and has proved to be a major puzzle to psychologists and other neuroscientists.

A

Engram

33
Q

The term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory and has proved to be a major puzzle to psychologists and other neuroscientists.

A

Engram

34
Q

The term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory and has proved to be a major puzzle to psychologists and other neuroscientists.

A

Engram

34
Q

The term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory and has proved to be a major puzzle to psychologists and other neuroscientists.

A

Engram

34
Q

The term for physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory and has proved to be a major puzzle to psychologists and other neuroscientists interested in memory.

A

Engram

35
Q

A part of the brain’s limbic system that helps to consolidate memories stabilizing them after they are initially acquired.

A

Hippocampus

36
Q

Another part of the limbic system that involves in memories including emotions.

A

Amygdala

37
Q

It shows that certain pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned.

A

Long-term Potentiation

38
Q

It is where memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory.

A

Consolidation

39
Q

The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows, a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory.

A

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

40
Q

Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved.

A

Recall

41
Q

Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.

A

Recognition

42
Q

The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which a new material is mentally analyzed.

A

Levels-of-Processing Theory

43
Q

Intentional or conscious recollection of information.

A

Explicit Memory

44
Q

Memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior.

A

Implicit Memory

45
Q

A phenomenon that occurs when exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall information related to the prime.

A

Priming

46
Q

The concept to where priming is exposed to.

A

Prime

47
Q

It is where our behavior may be influenced by experience of which we are unaware.

A

“Retention without Remembering”

48
Q

Memories of specific, important, or surprising emotionally significant event that are recalled easily and with vivid imagery.

A

Flashbulb Memories

49
Q

It occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it.

A

Source Amnesia

50
Q

Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.

A

Constructive Processes

51
Q

A British psychologists that was first to put forward the notion that memory if based on constructive processes.

A

Frederic Bartlett

52
Q

Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled.

A

Schemas

53
Q

These are apparent recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious.

A

Repressed Memories

54
Q

A memory researcher that maintain that there is little evidence for the phenomenon of repressed memories.

A

Elizabeth Loftus

55
Q

Representation of so called repressed memories that is may be inaccurate or even wholly false.

A

False Memory

56
Q

Our recollections of our own life experiences.

A

Autobiographical Memory

57
Q

German psychologist that made the first attempt to study about forgetting.

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

58
Q

The loss of information in memory through its nonuse.

A

Decay

59
Q

The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information.

A

Interference

60
Q

Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory.

A

Cue-dependent Forgetting

61
Q

Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

A

Proactive Interference

62
Q

Interference in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

A

Retroactive Interference

63
Q

A progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

64
Q

Memory loss that occurs without mental difficulties.

A

Amnesia

65
Q

Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new events.

A

Retrograde Amnesia

66
Q

Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury.

A

Anterograde Amnesia

67
Q

A disease that afflicts long term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story.

A

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

68
Q

A process where people study and rehearse material well beyond initial mastery.

A

Overlearning

69
Q

3 process of forgetting

A
  1. Decay
  2. Interference
  3. Cue-Dependent Forgetting
70
Q

2 sorts of Interference

A
  1. Proactive Interference
  2. Retroactive Interference

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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