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Physiology 1 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of cells in the Nervous system?

A
  1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

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2
Q

What is considered the major functional unit of the Nervous System?

A

Neuron

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3
Q

List the 7 parts of a Neuron

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Cell body
  3. Axon
  4. Trigger zone
  5. Presynaptic Terminal
  6. Myelin Sheath
  7. Node of Ranvier
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4
Q

The information receiving area of the neural cell

A

Dendrite

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5
Q

The part of the neuron that contains organelles

A

Cell body/soma

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6
Q

The information carrying extension of the neural cell membrane

A

Axon

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7
Q

where the AP originates in a neural cell

A

Trigger zone/Axon Hillock

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8
Q

The end of the neuron that transmits information

A

Presynaptic Terminal

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9
Q

The part of the neuron that Enhances the speed of information transfer

A

Myelin Sheath

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10
Q

Gaps in the insulating myelin sheath are known as

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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11
Q

Which part of the Neuron passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

A

Axon

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12
Q

Electrical signal that travels down the axon

A

Neural impulse

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13
Q

The periodical interruptions in the Myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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14
Q

The Myelin Sheath allows for _____ conduction of Impulse

A

Saltatory

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15
Q

What is Saltatory conduction

A

AP jumps from node to node which causes depolarization more rapidly

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16
Q

What is the conduction velocity in myelinated fibers proportional to?

A

Diameter of fiber

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17
Q

T/F larger axons have longer internodes and slower conduction velocities?

A

F faster conduction velocities

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18
Q

what is conduction proportional to in unmyelinated fibers?

A

Square root of the diameter

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19
Q

What are the 3 major types of neurons we discussed?

A
  1. Multipolar Neuron
  2. Bipolar Neuron
  3. Unipolar Neuron
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20
Q

What is the most prevalent type of neuron in the animal?

A

Multipolar

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21
Q

What makes multipolar neurons unique?

A

have 1 axon and numerous dendrites

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22
Q

What type of neuron are motor neurons

A

Multipolar Neurons

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23
Q

What do Motor neurons do?

A

send info from the brain/spinal cord to Muscles/Glands

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24
Q

What makes Bipolar Neurons unique»?

A

Have 2 processes, 1 axon and 1 dendrite

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25
Q

What is an example of a Bipolar neuron?

A

interneurons

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26
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

interconnect various neurons within the brain/spinal cord

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27
Q

Which type of neuron is used to link neurons together?

A

interneuron

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28
Q

What makes unipolar neurons unique?

A

Have a single stem process that bifurcates to form 2 progesses: peripheral and central

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29
Q

What are the 2 processes of unipolar neurons

A
  1. peripheral

2. central

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30
Q

Give an example of Unipolar Neurons

A

Sensory neurons

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31
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons.

A

send info. from receptors in sensory organs towards the brain/spinal cord

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32
Q

What are the 3 ways we can classify neurons based on their function?

A
  1. Motor or Efferent
  2. Interneurons or Association Neurons
  3. Sensory of Afferent
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33
Q

What is another name for Glial Cells

A

Neuroglia

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34
Q

T/F Neuroglia are smaller than neurons?

A

T

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35
Q

What is the function of Neuroglia?

A

Fill in the spaces in the NS not occupied by Neurons or blood vessels

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36
Q

T/F Neuroglia have the capability to produce AP?

A

F

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37
Q

List the 5 functions of Neuroglia:

A
  1. production of Myelin Sheath
  2. Modulate growth of developing or damaged neurons
  3. Buffer extracellular conc. of K+ and neurotransmitters
  4. Participate in the formation of contacts between neurons (synapses)
  5. Participate in some immune responses of NS
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38
Q

List the 4 types of Glial cells found in the CNS

A
  1. Microglial Cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Ependymal Cells
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39
Q

What type of Glial cell is found in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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40
Q

This type of cell is found in the CNS and acts as macrophages to clear debris

A

Microglial cell

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41
Q

T/F Microglial cells play a role in developing the brain

A

T

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42
Q

How do Microglial cells help develop the brain?

A

By destroying the synapses that are unnecessary

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43
Q

Which type of cell helps to protect the brain from injury and infection?

A

Microglial cells

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44
Q

Connsists of 50% of the glial cell population in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

45
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A

Structural and metabolic support

46
Q

List the 4 ways Astrocytes provide structural and metabolic support for the CNS

A

1 Forms outer and inner glial limiting memb. of CNS

  1. Release neurotrophic factors
  2. helps elongate axons and dendrites
  3. Participate in the repair process following tissue injury
47
Q

Which ions do Astrocytes control the conc. of?

A

K; Na; Ca; Cl; HCO3

48
Q

Glial cells that provide support to axons of neurons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

49
Q

what is the reason the brain has white matter?

A

myelin sheath

50
Q

Gray matter refers to areas with high populations of _____

A

Soma

51
Q

Cells that cover the ventricles of the brain, central canal of CNS, and choroid plexus in the 4th ventricle of the medulla oblongata

A

Ependymal cells

52
Q

T/F Ependymal cells are involved in creating CSF?

A

T

53
Q

What is another name for Schwann Cells?

A

Neurolemmocytes

54
Q

What is the function of Schwann Cells?

A

provide support to axons of PNS

55
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the mammalian nervous system

A

Central and peripheral

56
Q

Nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central

57
Q

The CNS can be subdivided into 7 major regions:

A
  1. Spinal cord
  2. Medulla
  3. Pons
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Midbrain
  6. Diencephalon
  7. Telencephalon
58
Q

What protects the CNS

A

The meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

59
Q

What are the 3 protective layers of the CNS

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Dura Mater
60
Q

What is the innermost meningeal layer, lying next to the CNS?

A

Pia Mater

61
Q

The protective layer of the CNS that has a spiderweb like appearance, that traps CSF?

A

Arachnoid

62
Q

The outermost protective meningeal layer of the CNS that is often fused with the inner surface of the skull

A

Dura Mater

63
Q

What is CSF

A

Clear colorless fluid that provides micronutrients, carries away metabolic waste and is a shock absorber for CNS

64
Q

Where is CSF found?

A
  1. Subarachnoid Space
  2. Central canal of spinal cord
  3. ventricular system of brain
65
Q

T/F CSF is the major source of glucose for the brain.

A

F. Blood, have small amounts of glucose in CSF but not much

66
Q

What is the function of the PNS

A

deliver sensory info to CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

67
Q

What is Endoneurium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the entire peripheral nerve fiber

68
Q

What is the term for a bundle of nerve fibers?

A

Fascicle

69
Q

What is the term for a bundle of fascicles?

A

Nerve

70
Q

innervate parts of the head and connects directly to the brain

A

cranial nerves

71
Q

innervates much of the body and connects to the spinal cord

A

Spinal Nerves

72
Q

The nerves of the PNS can be subdivided into:

A

Motor and Sensory

73
Q

What is the rER called in neural cells?

A

Nissel body

74
Q

T/F mitochondria are found in both the soma and axons

A

T

75
Q

The _____ integrate the incoming information and determine whether AP will be produced by the Neuron

A

Dendrites

76
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

protusions covering some dendrites that allows one dendrite to communicate with hundreds of axons

77
Q

What are 2 ways neurons can be connected.

A

1 chemical synapses

2. electrical synapses

78
Q

What are the most common type of synapses in neurological cells

A

Chemical

79
Q

T/F chemical synapses are bidirectional

A

F. unidirectional

80
Q

List the 4 Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Glutamate
81
Q

List the 5 Inhibatory neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Serotonin
  5. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
82
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical synapses?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

83
Q

What are the two types of receptors for neurotransmitters

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

84
Q

What are ionotropic receptors

A

neurotransmitter receptors that directly gate ion channels

85
Q

What are the two types of ion channels

A

Cation and anion

86
Q

channels opened by excitatory neurotransmitters

A

cation channels

87
Q

Do cation channels induce depolarization or hyperpolarization

A

depolarization

88
Q

channels opened by inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Anion channels

89
Q

Do Anion channels induce depolarization or hyperpolarization

A

Hyperpolarization

90
Q

What are the 4 functions of G protein coupled receptors?

A
  1. open specific ion channels through the postsynaptic membrane
  2. Activate cAMP pathway
  3. Activate one or more intracellular enzymes
  4. Activate gene transcription
91
Q

What are metabolic receptors?

A

Neurotransmitter receptor that act through second messenger systems

92
Q

How is the cytoplasm of adjacent cells connected to one another?

A

Gap junctions

93
Q

Are gap junctions Bidirectional or Unidirectional?

A

Bidirectional

94
Q

What is the potential difference across the membrane of resting neurons?

A

-70mV

95
Q

What are the 3 determinents of the memb. potential

A
  1. movement of ions toward a dynamic equilibrium
  2. differential permeability of the memb. to diffusion of ions
  3. Na:K pump
96
Q

In order to initiate an action potential, graded potential must reach _________

A

Threshold potential

97
Q

T/F the trigger zone is less sensitive to the depolarizing actions of the local current

A

F More sensitive

98
Q

What is the minimum voltage change to trigger an AP

A

-55mV

99
Q

What happens to the membrane potential during depolarization?

A

shifts toward more positive

excitatory neurotransmitters open cation channels

100
Q

What are Excitatory Postsynaptic potentials? (EPSP)

A

Depolarizing graded potentials, they drive the MP toward the threshold

101
Q

What Inhhappens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?

A

Shifts MP toward more negative

102
Q

During hyperpolarization what do neurotransmitters do?

A

open anion channels

103
Q

What are IPSP?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, hyperpolarizing graded potentials

104
Q

what are the two types of summation

A
  1. Spatial Summation

2. Temporal Summation

105
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Graded potentials induced by different synapses summate in the postsynaptic neuron

simultaneous summaion of inhibitory IPSP and excitatory EPSP graded potentials also occur

106
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Successive discharges from a single presynaptic terminal summate in the post synaptic neuron

107
Q

What is the Absolute Refractory period?

A

nearly the entire duration of the AP, Represents the time needed for the voltage gated sodium channels to revert from the inactivated state to the resting state

108
Q

What is the Relative refractory period?

A

Time when voltage gated potassium channels are closed

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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