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Physiology 1 > Final Exam Blood > Flashcards

Final Exam Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transport nutrients, oxygen, CO2, Waste products, hormones, heat, IS components

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2
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.4

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3
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBC

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4
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC

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5
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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6
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?

A

60%

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7
Q

Erythrocytes make up what percentage of blood?

A

40%

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8
Q

the fluid phase of the blood that contains non-cellular components

A

Plasma

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9
Q

What 3 components make up plasma?

A

Water, proteins, other solutes

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10
Q

What is the diff. between plasma and serum

A

Serum does not contain coagulation factors

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11
Q

The amt. of the cellular components of the blood

A

Hematocrit

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12
Q

Inc. hematocrit during physical activity is mainly due to inc. _____ activity

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

T/F. RBC lack a nucleus?

A

T

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14
Q

T/F. RBC lack mitochondria

A

T

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15
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

transport O2 from the lungs to cells of body and remove CO2 from tissues

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16
Q

Formation of blood cells

A

Hematopoiesis

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17
Q

Formation of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

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18
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in fetus?

A

Liver and spleen

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19
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in adolesence?

A

Red bone marrow of long bones

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20
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in the adult?

A

Red bone marrow of flat bones

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21
Q

All blood cells are derived from a single cell type in the bone marrow:

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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22
Q

If found in the blood, can be used as a measure of the production rate of erythrocytes

A

reticlocytes

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23
Q

What 3 component s are needed for erythropoiesis

A
  1. iron
  2. vitamine B12 and Folic acid
  3. erythropoietin
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24
Q

An increased number of erythrocytes

A

polycythemia

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25
Q

Where does destruction of erythrocytes take place?

A

spleen, liver, and bone marrow

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26
Q

What is the av. lifespan of RBCs

A

90-140 days

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27
Q

All conditions in which the capacity of the blood to transport O2 is reduced?

A

Anemia

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28
Q

3 general causes of Anemia

A
  1. Blood loss
  2. RBC destruction
  3. Dec. RBC production
29
Q

RBC destruction

A

Hemolysis

30
Q

Dec. production of RBCs

A

Erythroid hypoplasia

31
Q

List some clinical signs of anemia

A
  1. Pale mucous memb.
  2. depression/weakness
  3. lethargy
  4. jaundice
  5. recumbancy
  6. seizures
32
Q

What are the 3 classifications of Anemia?

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Hb Content
  3. Regeneration
33
Q

Tells you the av. volume of each erythrocyte

A

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

34
Q

Tells you the Hb content in a single erythrocyte

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

35
Q

Tells you the av. amt. of Hb w/i erythrocytes

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

36
Q

Inc. number of circulating reticulocytes which indicates inc. bone marrow erythropoiesis

A

regenerative anemia

37
Q

Reticulocytes number low no increased erythropoiesis

A

Nonregenerative anemia

38
Q

If you dec. heamatocrit, you inc/dec blood viscoity

A

Dec.

39
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. transport fluid
  2. transport proteins and fat
  3. transport of pathogens and antigens from tissue to lymphatic vesels
40
Q

What is the monophyletic theory of hematopoiesis

A

all cells of the blood originate in the bone marrow and develop from the same progenitor cell, the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

41
Q

What are the soluble components of innate immunity

A

interferon, peptides, complement

42
Q

What are the soluble components of adaptive immunity

A

Ig

43
Q

What are the cell-mediated components of innate immuniity

A

Macrophages, granulocytes, dendritic cells

44
Q

What are the cell-mediated component of adaptive immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

45
Q

The complement is activated by what 3 mechanisms

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. alternative pathway
  3. lectin pathway
46
Q

macrophages in blood

A

monocytes

47
Q

dendritic cell in skin

A

langerhan’s cells

48
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

49
Q

what is the function of macrophages?

A

pahgocytosis and antigen presentation

50
Q

What are the 3 functions of granulocytes

A
  1. destruction of pathogens
  2. release of inflammatory mediators
  3. alert the adaptive immune system
51
Q

What 2 signals are necessary for b lymphocyte activation

A
  1. antigen binds to BCR

2. T helper cell binds to B lymphocyte

52
Q

After activationm the B lymphocyte differentiates into a ____ cell and synthesizes ____

A

Plasma; antibodies

53
Q

Protein complex in the memb. of T cells, responsible for recognition of antigens

A

T cell receptors (TCR)

54
Q

What are the 3 co-receptors found on T cells

A

CD4, CD8, CD3

55
Q

Antigens are presented to t cells by _____ molecules

A

MHC

56
Q

MCH-1 is found where? and presents to CD8 or CD4 T cells?

A

All nucleated cell; CD8

57
Q

MHC-II is found where? and presents to CD8 or CD4 T cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells; CD4

58
Q

What are the 3 profesional antigen-presenting cells?

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. lymphocyte
59
Q

Molecule/material that stimulates immune cells and induces an immune answer

A

Antigen

60
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. basophil
  3. eosinophil
61
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Thymus

2. Bone Marrow

62
Q

What are the 5 secondary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. adenoid
  2. tonsil
  3. spleen
  4. lymph node
  5. peyer’s patch in Sm. intestine
63
Q

Inappropriate or misdirected response to a specific antigen that results in harmful reactions upon exposure of a sentitized host to that specific antigen

A

Hypersensitivity

64
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity rxns?

A
  1. type I
  2. Type II
  3. Type III
  4. Type IV
65
Q

Type of hypersensitivity mediated by IgE and mast cells

A

Type I

66
Q

Type of hypersensitivity rxn mediated by IgG and IgM

A

Type II and III

67
Q

Type of hypersensitivity rxn mediated by T lymphocytes

A

Type IV

68
Q

The viscosity of the blood is primarily determined by the number of erythrocytes per unit volume. during serious anemia’s, the viscosity of blood is inc/dec and the cardiac output is inc/dec

A

Reduced, increased

69
Q

Which of the following does belong to innate imunity

a. Cytotoxic T cells
b. Complement
c. Neutrophils
d. Only b and c
e. All of the above

A

D. only B and C

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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