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Physiology 1 > Final Exam Respiratory 1-3 > Flashcards

Final Exam Respiratory 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 b/t the environment and tissues

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the structures of the respiratory system?

A
  1. conduction zone

2. respiratory zone

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3
Q

What is the function of the conduction zone?

A

brings air into and out of lungs

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4
Q

what is the function of the Respiratory zone?

A

site of gas exchange

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5
Q

What structures are included in the conducting zone?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Terminal Bronchioles
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6
Q

What are the 4 functions of the conducting zone?

A
  1. bring air in for gas exchange
  2. Humidify
  3. Warm
  4. filter
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7
Q

Since gas exchange does not occur in the conducting zone it its referred to as _____

A

Anatomic dead Space

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8
Q

T/F the smooth muscle lining the Conducting zone contains only sympathetic innervations?

A

F. sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

What activates the beta 2 receptors located in the conducting zone to Dilate the airways?

A

SNS and Epinephrine

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10
Q

What activates the muscarinic receptors located in the conducting zone to constrict the airways?

A

PSNS

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11
Q

Changes in diameter of the conducting airways result in changes in ______, which changes airflow.

A

Resistance

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12
Q

What structures are located in the respiratory zone?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
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13
Q

Pouch like evaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

What are the 2 cell types of alveoli?

A
  1. type I pneumocyte

2. type II pneumocyte

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15
Q

What is produced by type I Pneumocyte?

A

ACE

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16
Q

What is produced by type II Pneumocytes?

A

Surfactant and type I and II pneumocytes

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17
Q

Keep alveoli free of dust and debris

A

Alveolar macrophages

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18
Q

How is debris cleared from alveoli?

A

Macrophages carry debris from alveoli to bronchioles where cilia will beat out

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19
Q

What are the 2 phases of the resp. cycle?

A
  1. Inspiratory

2. Expiratory

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20
Q

What 2 muscles contract during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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21
Q

T/F. under normal conditions inspiration requires more effort than expiration

A

T

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22
Q

What muscles contract during expiration?

A

internal intercostals

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of breathing?

A
  1. Abdominal

2. Costal

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24
Q

Type of breathing characterized by visible movements of the abdomen

A

Abdominal

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25
Q

Type of breathing characterized by pronounced rib movements

A

Costal breathing

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26
Q

Which type of breathing predominates under normal conditions?

A

Abdominal

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27
Q

Norma quiet breathing

A

Eupnea

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28
Q

Difficult breathing

A

Dyspnea

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29
Q

Inc. depth, frequency or both

A

Hyperpnea

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30
Q

Rapid shallow breathing

A

Polypnea

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31
Q

Cessation of breathing

A

Apnea

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32
Q

Excessive rapidity of breathing

A

Tachypnea

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33
Q

Abnormal slowness of breathing

A

Bradypnea

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34
Q

Pressure of the atmosphere?

A

barometric pressure

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35
Q

What 3 diff. pressures are important for airflow?

A
  1. Pleural pressure
  2. Alveolar pressure
  3. Transpulmonary pressure
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36
Q

The pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity

A

Pleural pressure

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37
Q

In regards to pleural pressrue, The negative pressure __inc/dec__ during inspiration with the inc. in volume

A

inc.

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38
Q

the pressure within the alveoli that inc. and dec. with each breath

A

alveolar pressure

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39
Q

T/F alveolar pressure is never equal to atmospheric pressure

A

F. equal to atm. pressure ate the end of inspiration and expiration

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40
Q

T/F pleural pressure is never equal to atmospheric pressure

A

T. No communication b/t them

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41
Q

The pressure diff. b/t alveolar pressure and pleura pressure

A

Transpulmonary pressure

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42
Q

a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of respiration

A

recoil pressure

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43
Q

T/F. for a given lung volume the tranpulmonary pressure is equal and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure?

A

T

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44
Q

What happens when transpulmonary pressure equals zero (alveolar pressure = pleural pressure)?

A

lungs collapse

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45
Q

T/F under normal conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always negative?

A

F. Positive

46
Q

The constant tenancy for the lungs to collapse is due to what 2 things?

A
  1. Stretching of elastin and collagen fibers during inflation
  2. surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli
47
Q

what is laplace’s law

A

P=2T/r

Pressure inside alveolus= 2 x Tension exerted on inner surface divided by internal radius

48
Q

What are the 2 functions of surfactants covering alveoli?

A
  1. prevent collapse of the lungs at end of expiration

2. inc. pulmonary compliance

49
Q

the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure?

A

Lung compliance

50
Q

Tendency to return to its initial size after being distended

A

Elasticity

51
Q

What is boyle’s law?

A

the pressure exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container

52
Q

T/F. according to boyle’s law, if we dec. volume we inc pressure

A

T

53
Q

Which of the following options represents a part of the respiratory zone?

a. Trachea
b. Bronchi
c. Nose
d. Alveolar sac

A

d. Alveolar sac

54
Q

Which of the following options is not true about surfactants?

a. Produced by type I pneumocytes
b. are made up by proteins and lipids
c. prevent collapse of the lungs
d. reduce the work of inflating the lungs

A

a. produced by type II pneumocytes

55
Q

The conducting airways are lined with mucus-secreting and cilliated cells

A

T

56
Q

Which of the following presssures is slighty ngative at the end of expiration?

a. Pleural pressure
b. alveolar pressure
c. Transpulmonary pressure
d. Barometric pressure

A

a. Pleural pressure

57
Q

In order to cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, Palv should be less than Pb?

a. T
b. F

A

T

58
Q

The process of exchanging the gas in the airways and alveoli with gas from the environment

A

Pulmonary ventilation

59
Q

normal ventilation

A

Normoventilation

60
Q

What is the PaCO2 in normoventilation

A

40mmHg

61
Q

Alveolar ventilation increased beyond the metabolic needs and PaCO2 is below 40mmHg

A

Hyperventilation

62
Q

What does hyperventilation cause

A

respiratory alkalosis

63
Q

Alveolar ventilation decreased below metabolic needs and PaCO2 above 40mmHg

A

Hypoventilation

64
Q

What does Hypoventilation cause?

A

respiratory acidosis

65
Q

The volume of gas moved in or out of the airways and alveoli over a certain period of time

A

Total ventilation

66
Q

The amt. of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle?

A

Tidal volume (VT)

67
Q

the total volume of air breathed per minute

A

minute ventilation (VE)

68
Q

T/F an inc. in O2 can only be accomplished by increasing tidal volume?

A

F. inc. tidal volume or frequency or both

69
Q

What is the equation for Minute volume?

A

VE = VT x f

70
Q

Anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space make up _____

A

Physiological dead space

71
Q

T/F the air in the alveoli contains more O2 and les CO2 than atm. air?

A

F. Less O2, more CO2

72
Q

What is the function of dead space?

A

tempering and humidifying air and cooling body

73
Q

At the end of normal exhalation, the air that remains in the lungs

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

74
Q

What is FRC the sum of?

A

Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume

75
Q

the amt. of air that can still be expired after exhaling the tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume

76
Q

The amt. of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume

77
Q

The amt of air that can still be inspired after inhaling the tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

78
Q

the sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes

A

inspiratory capacity

79
Q

the maximum amt. of air that can be forced out by the lungs after a maximum inhalation

A

vital capacity

80
Q

the maximum capacity of air that the lungs can hold

A

total lung capacity

81
Q

T/F. Tidal volume is the largest volume of air we can have in the lungs?

A

F. total lung capacity

82
Q

The rate at which new air reaches the gas exchange areas of the lungs

A

Alveolar Ventilation

83
Q

What is poiseuille’s equation?

A

R=8 nl/pi r^4

84
Q

Thin walled capillaries that perfuse the alveolar septum

A

Alveolar vessels

85
Q

Pulmonary arteries and veins are refered to as____

A

extra alveolar vessels

86
Q

bronchi and extra alveolar vessels covered by loose connective tissue sheath

A

bronchovascular bundle

87
Q

The diameter of blood vessels is a function of the pressure diff. between the inside and outside of the vessel

A

Transmural pressure

88
Q

At the end of expiration pleural pressure is slightly _Neg/Pos__ and transmural pressure inc/dec.

A

Negative; increases

89
Q

As the lung inflates, pleural pressure inc/dec and transmural pressure inc/dec

A

Decreases; Decreases

90
Q

What does sympathetic activation of pulmonary blood flow cause?

A

vasoconstriction

91
Q

What does parasympathetic activation of pulmonary blood flow cause?

A

vasoconstriction by Ach

and vasodilation through release of NO

92
Q

The manifestations of severely elevated pulmonary vascular pressure

A

Cor Pulmonale

93
Q

T/F. the total volume of air breathed per minute can be only increased by the increase of respiratory frequency or tidal volume

A

T

94
Q

Which of the following options is not true about the respiratory dead space?

a. there is little or no diffusion of gases
b. can be physiological
c. can inc. during disease
d. it’s totally wasted space

A

D. its totally wasted space

95
Q

T/F If the lung volume increases the resistance in the airways will also increase?

A

F

96
Q

Where the velocity of airflow is lower?

a. beginning of the trachea
b. end of the trachea
c. bronchi
d. bronchioles

A

D. bronchioles

97
Q

Cor Pulmonale is:

a. a cardiac consequence of pulmonary hypotension
b. a cardiac consequence of pulmonary hypertension
c. a pulmonary consequence of cardiac failure
d. a pulmonary consequence of inc. cardiac output

A

B. a cardiac consequence of pulmonary hypertension

98
Q

T/F. At higher altitudes the air contains less oxygen?

A

F. Same amt. of oxygen, lower oxygen partial pressure

99
Q

T/F. Alveolar partial pressure of O2 (PAO2) is lower than that in inspired air.

A

T

100
Q

Whenever PAco2 increases, PAo2 inc/dec

A

Dec.

101
Q

5 causes of alveolar hypoventilation

A
  1. CNS depression by drugs
  2. injury to phrenic nerve
  3. damage to thorax or muscles
  4. Airway obstruction
  5. Lung disease
102
Q

3 causes of alveolar hyperventilation

A
  1. hypoxia
  2. Acidosis
  3. Inc. Temp
103
Q

The passive movement of gases down a conc. gradient.

A

diffusion

104
Q

the rate of gas movement b/t the alveolus and the blood is determined by what 4 things?

A
  1. Physical properties of gas
  2. surface area available for diffusion
  3. thickness of the air-blood barrier
  4. the driving pressure gradient of gas b/t alveolus and capillary
105
Q

What are the 5 layers of the respiratory memb.?

A
  1. surfactant lining alveolar surface
  2. epithelial layer
  3. Epithelial BM
  4. interstitium
  5. capillary BM
  6. capillary Endothelium
106
Q

Blood entering the alveolar capillary from the small pulmonary arteries is known as ______.

A

Mixed venous blood

107
Q

During normal exercise, muscle blood flow inc. in part as a result of recruitment of capillaries that are not perfused in the resting animal.

A

Capillary recruitment

108
Q

What 2 things does capillary recruitment do?

A
  1. brings blood closer to metabolizing tissues

2. slows the rate of blood flow

109
Q

When animals hypoventilate PaCO2 inc/dec

A

Inc

110
Q

When animals hyperventilate PaCO2 inc/dec

A

Dec

111
Q

When animals hypoventilate PaO2 inc/dec

A

Dec

112
Q

When animals hyperventilate PaO2 inc/dec

A

Inc

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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