Final Exam Respiratory 1-3 Flashcards
What is the function of the respiratory system?
the exchange of O2 and CO2 b/t the environment and tissues
What are the 2 subdivisions of the structures of the respiratory system?
- conduction zone
2. respiratory zone
What is the function of the conduction zone?
brings air into and out of lungs
what is the function of the Respiratory zone?
site of gas exchange
What structures are included in the conducting zone?
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
What are the 4 functions of the conducting zone?
- bring air in for gas exchange
- Humidify
- Warm
- filter
Since gas exchange does not occur in the conducting zone it its referred to as _____
Anatomic dead Space
T/F the smooth muscle lining the Conducting zone contains only sympathetic innervations?
F. sympathetic and parasympathetic
What activates the beta 2 receptors located in the conducting zone to Dilate the airways?
SNS and Epinephrine
What activates the muscarinic receptors located in the conducting zone to constrict the airways?
PSNS
Changes in diameter of the conducting airways result in changes in ______, which changes airflow.
Resistance
What structures are located in the respiratory zone?
- Respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
Pouch like evaginations of the walls of the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Alveoli
What are the 2 cell types of alveoli?
- type I pneumocyte
2. type II pneumocyte
What is produced by type I Pneumocyte?
ACE
What is produced by type II Pneumocytes?
Surfactant and type I and II pneumocytes
Keep alveoli free of dust and debris
Alveolar macrophages
How is debris cleared from alveoli?
Macrophages carry debris from alveoli to bronchioles where cilia will beat out
What are the 2 phases of the resp. cycle?
- Inspiratory
2. Expiratory
What 2 muscles contract during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
T/F. under normal conditions inspiration requires more effort than expiration
T
What muscles contract during expiration?
internal intercostals
What are the 2 types of breathing?
- Abdominal
2. Costal
Type of breathing characterized by visible movements of the abdomen
Abdominal
Type of breathing characterized by pronounced rib movements
Costal breathing
Which type of breathing predominates under normal conditions?
Abdominal
Norma quiet breathing
Eupnea
Difficult breathing
Dyspnea
Inc. depth, frequency or both
Hyperpnea
Rapid shallow breathing
Polypnea
Cessation of breathing
Apnea
Excessive rapidity of breathing
Tachypnea
Abnormal slowness of breathing
Bradypnea
Pressure of the atmosphere?
barometric pressure
What 3 diff. pressures are important for airflow?
- Pleural pressure
- Alveolar pressure
- Transpulmonary pressure
The pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity
Pleural pressure
In regards to pleural pressrue, The negative pressure __inc/dec__ during inspiration with the inc. in volume
inc.
the pressure within the alveoli that inc. and dec. with each breath
alveolar pressure
T/F alveolar pressure is never equal to atmospheric pressure
F. equal to atm. pressure ate the end of inspiration and expiration
T/F pleural pressure is never equal to atmospheric pressure
T. No communication b/t them
The pressure diff. b/t alveolar pressure and pleura pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of respiration
recoil pressure
T/F. for a given lung volume the tranpulmonary pressure is equal and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure?
T
What happens when transpulmonary pressure equals zero (alveolar pressure = pleural pressure)?
lungs collapse
T/F under normal conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always negative?
F. Positive
The constant tenancy for the lungs to collapse is due to what 2 things?
- Stretching of elastin and collagen fibers during inflation
- surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli
what is laplace’s law
P=2T/r
Pressure inside alveolus= 2 x Tension exerted on inner surface divided by internal radius
What are the 2 functions of surfactants covering alveoli?
- prevent collapse of the lungs at end of expiration
2. inc. pulmonary compliance
the extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increase in transpulmonary pressure?
Lung compliance
Tendency to return to its initial size after being distended
Elasticity
What is boyle’s law?
the pressure exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
T/F. according to boyle’s law, if we dec. volume we inc pressure
T
Which of the following options represents a part of the respiratory zone?
a. Trachea
b. Bronchi
c. Nose
d. Alveolar sac
d. Alveolar sac
Which of the following options is not true about surfactants?
a. Produced by type I pneumocytes
b. are made up by proteins and lipids
c. prevent collapse of the lungs
d. reduce the work of inflating the lungs
a. produced by type II pneumocytes
The conducting airways are lined with mucus-secreting and cilliated cells
T
Which of the following presssures is slighty ngative at the end of expiration?
a. Pleural pressure
b. alveolar pressure
c. Transpulmonary pressure
d. Barometric pressure
a. Pleural pressure
In order to cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, Palv should be less than Pb?
a. T
b. F
T
The process of exchanging the gas in the airways and alveoli with gas from the environment
Pulmonary ventilation
normal ventilation
Normoventilation
What is the PaCO2 in normoventilation
40mmHg
Alveolar ventilation increased beyond the metabolic needs and PaCO2 is below 40mmHg
Hyperventilation
What does hyperventilation cause
respiratory alkalosis
Alveolar ventilation decreased below metabolic needs and PaCO2 above 40mmHg
Hypoventilation
What does Hypoventilation cause?
respiratory acidosis
The volume of gas moved in or out of the airways and alveoli over a certain period of time
Total ventilation
The amt. of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle?
Tidal volume (VT)
the total volume of air breathed per minute
minute ventilation (VE)
T/F an inc. in O2 can only be accomplished by increasing tidal volume?
F. inc. tidal volume or frequency or both
What is the equation for Minute volume?
VE = VT x f
Anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space make up _____
Physiological dead space
T/F the air in the alveoli contains more O2 and les CO2 than atm. air?
F. Less O2, more CO2
What is the function of dead space?
tempering and humidifying air and cooling body
At the end of normal exhalation, the air that remains in the lungs
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
What is FRC the sum of?
Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume
the amt. of air that can still be expired after exhaling the tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
The amt. of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
The amt of air that can still be inspired after inhaling the tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
the sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes
inspiratory capacity
the maximum amt. of air that can be forced out by the lungs after a maximum inhalation
vital capacity
the maximum capacity of air that the lungs can hold
total lung capacity
T/F. Tidal volume is the largest volume of air we can have in the lungs?
F. total lung capacity
The rate at which new air reaches the gas exchange areas of the lungs
Alveolar Ventilation
What is poiseuille’s equation?
R=8 nl/pi r^4
Thin walled capillaries that perfuse the alveolar septum
Alveolar vessels
Pulmonary arteries and veins are refered to as____
extra alveolar vessels
bronchi and extra alveolar vessels covered by loose connective tissue sheath
bronchovascular bundle
The diameter of blood vessels is a function of the pressure diff. between the inside and outside of the vessel
Transmural pressure
At the end of expiration pleural pressure is slightly _Neg/Pos__ and transmural pressure inc/dec.
Negative; increases
As the lung inflates, pleural pressure inc/dec and transmural pressure inc/dec
Decreases; Decreases
What does sympathetic activation of pulmonary blood flow cause?
vasoconstriction
What does parasympathetic activation of pulmonary blood flow cause?
vasoconstriction by Ach
and vasodilation through release of NO
The manifestations of severely elevated pulmonary vascular pressure
Cor Pulmonale
T/F. the total volume of air breathed per minute can be only increased by the increase of respiratory frequency or tidal volume
T
Which of the following options is not true about the respiratory dead space?
a. there is little or no diffusion of gases
b. can be physiological
c. can inc. during disease
d. it’s totally wasted space
D. its totally wasted space
T/F If the lung volume increases the resistance in the airways will also increase?
F
Where the velocity of airflow is lower?
a. beginning of the trachea
b. end of the trachea
c. bronchi
d. bronchioles
D. bronchioles
Cor Pulmonale is:
a. a cardiac consequence of pulmonary hypotension
b. a cardiac consequence of pulmonary hypertension
c. a pulmonary consequence of cardiac failure
d. a pulmonary consequence of inc. cardiac output
B. a cardiac consequence of pulmonary hypertension
T/F. At higher altitudes the air contains less oxygen?
F. Same amt. of oxygen, lower oxygen partial pressure
T/F. Alveolar partial pressure of O2 (PAO2) is lower than that in inspired air.
T
Whenever PAco2 increases, PAo2 inc/dec
Dec.
5 causes of alveolar hypoventilation
- CNS depression by drugs
- injury to phrenic nerve
- damage to thorax or muscles
- Airway obstruction
- Lung disease
3 causes of alveolar hyperventilation
- hypoxia
- Acidosis
- Inc. Temp
The passive movement of gases down a conc. gradient.
diffusion
the rate of gas movement b/t the alveolus and the blood is determined by what 4 things?
- Physical properties of gas
- surface area available for diffusion
- thickness of the air-blood barrier
- the driving pressure gradient of gas b/t alveolus and capillary
What are the 5 layers of the respiratory memb.?
- surfactant lining alveolar surface
- epithelial layer
- Epithelial BM
- interstitium
- capillary BM
- capillary Endothelium
Blood entering the alveolar capillary from the small pulmonary arteries is known as ______.
Mixed venous blood
During normal exercise, muscle blood flow inc. in part as a result of recruitment of capillaries that are not perfused in the resting animal.
Capillary recruitment
What 2 things does capillary recruitment do?
- brings blood closer to metabolizing tissues
2. slows the rate of blood flow
When animals hypoventilate PaCO2 inc/dec
Inc
When animals hyperventilate PaCO2 inc/dec
Dec
When animals hypoventilate PaO2 inc/dec
Dec
When animals hyperventilate PaO2 inc/dec
Inc
