Exam 3 CVS 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the ventricles is defined by 3 factors:

A
  1. stroke volume
  2. ejection fraction
  3. cardiac output
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2
Q

The volume of blood ejected on one ventricular contraction

A

Stroke volume

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3
Q

stroke volume is the difference between:

A

the volume of blood in the ventricles before ejection and the volume remaining after ejection

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4
Q

the fraction of the end diastolic volume that is ejected on one stroke volume

A

ejection fraction

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5
Q

the inc. or dec. in ejection fraction reflects and inc. or dec. in ______

A

contractility

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6
Q

the total volume of blood ejected per unit time

A

CO

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7
Q

4 factors that affect CO:

A
  1. body metabolism
  2. exercise
  3. age
  4. body size
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8
Q

Cardiac output can be increased if ____ or ____ are increased

A

SV; HR

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9
Q

three things that affect stroke volume:

A
  1. Preload
  2. contractility
  3. afterload
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10
Q

If end-diastolic volume increases then SV will_____

A

increase

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11
Q

If end systolic volume is decreased then SV will____

A

increase

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12
Q

The workload imposed on the heart before contraction begins

A

Preload

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13
Q

what are the 2 factors that determine preload?

A
  1. diastolic filling

2. venus return

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14
Q

what is another term for preload?

A

end diastolic volume

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15
Q

What does the frank-starlin mechanism state?

A

the volume of the blood ejected by the ventricles depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole

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16
Q

The pumping ability of the ventricle

A

contractility/ inotropism

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17
Q

an increase in contractility leads to a/an ______ in stroke volume

A

increase

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18
Q

an increase in contractility leads to a/an ______ in systolic volume

A

Decrease

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19
Q

what are 2 extrinsic factors that have a positive ionotropic effect? (inc. contractility)

A
  1. sympathetic stimulation

2. cathecolamines

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20
Q

how doe epi and norepi stimulate an inc. in contratility?

A

stimulation of Beta 1 receptors to inc. Ca flow

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21
Q

the resistance that the ventricles must overcome to empty its content?

A

Afterload

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22
Q

what is the afterload for the L ventricle?

A

Aortic pressure

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23
Q

An inc. in afterload will cause a/an ______ in ionotropy (contractility)

How?

A

increase, catecolamines

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24
Q

sympathetic stimulation increases or decreased HR?

A

increases

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25
Q

When HR increases, contractility _______

A

increases

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26
Q

Inc. in preload causes stroke volume to _____

A

Inc.

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27
Q

Inc in contractility causes SV to ______

A

Inc

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28
Q

Dec. in afterload causes SV to _____

A

Inc

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29
Q

what are the 3 major divisions of the circulatory system?

A
  1. distribution system
  2. perfusion/exchange system
  3. collecting system
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30
Q

What makes up the distribution system?

A

Ventricles, arteries, arterioles

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31
Q

What makes up the perfusion/exchange system?

A

capillaries

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32
Q

What makes up the collecting system?

A

Venules, veins, atria

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33
Q

transports blood under high pressure to tissues

A

Arteries

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34
Q

the last, smallest branches of the arterial system?

A

arterioles

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35
Q

Site of the highest resistance to blood flow

A

Arterioles

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36
Q

What 2 types of receptors can be found in the arterioles?

A

Alfa-1 adrenergic; Beta-2 adrenergic

37
Q

What do the ALFA-1 receptors in the arterioles do when stimulated

A

cause contraction of the smooth muscle

38
Q

What do the beta-2 receptors in the arterioles do when stimulated?

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

39
Q

Exchange fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other stuff between the blood and interstitial fluid.

A

Capillaries

40
Q

collect blood from the capillaries and gradually coalesce into progressively larger veins

A

venules

41
Q

function as conduits to transport the blood from the venules back to the heart

A

veins

42
Q

serves as a major reservoir for extra blood

A

veins

43
Q

what prevents blood from flowing in the reveres direction in veins?

A

valves

44
Q

how long does blood stay in capillaries?

A

1-3 sec.

45
Q

As cross section increases, blood flow____

A

Dec.

46
Q

blood flow through a blood vessel depends on 2 factors:

A
  1. pressure diff. (betw. 2 ends of vessel)

2. resistance

47
Q

what determines the direction of BF?

A

direction of pressure gradient

48
Q

What does Poiseuille Equation tell us?

A

the relationship between resistance, blood vessel diameter, and blood viscosity

49
Q

The volume of blood the vessel can hold at a given pressure

A

compliance/capacitance

50
Q

Is the compliance of veins high or low?

A

High

51
Q

What is included in central circulation?

A

R heart + Pulmonary circuit + L heart

52
Q

The amplitued of pressure pulsations in an artery

A

Pulse pressure

53
Q

is pulmonary circulation a Low/High pressure circulation

A

Low

54
Q

Is systemic circulation a Low/High pressure circulation

A

High

55
Q

The pressure at the top of each pressure pulsation

A

systolic pressure

56
Q

the highest arterial pressure measured during a cardiac cycle

A

systolic pressure

57
Q

The pressure in the arteries after blood has been ejected from the L ventricle

A

Systolic pressure

58
Q

closing of the aortic valve- a brief period of retrograde flow

A

incisura

59
Q

The pressure at the lowest point of each pulse

A

Diastolic pressure

60
Q

the lowest arterial pressure

A

Diastolic pressure

61
Q

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation

A

diastolic pressure

62
Q

The diff. between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

63
Q

The average pressure in a complete cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

64
Q

Why does MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure?

A

B/c a greater fraction of each cardiac cycle is spent in diastole

65
Q

Pressure that continuously drives blood into the tissues over the course of the cardiac cycle?

A

MAP

66
Q

what monitors MAP?

A

blood pressure reflexes

67
Q

The resistance of the systemic circ.

A

Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

68
Q

T/F arterial pressure in systemic circ. is lower than venous pressure

A

F. Venous pressure is lower than arterial pressure

69
Q

What is another name for central venous pressure (CVP)

A

R atrial pressure

70
Q

the central venous pressure is regulated by:

A
  1. ability of heart to pump blood out of the R atrium and ventricle to the lungs
  2. tendency for blood to flow from the peripheral veins to the R atrium
71
Q

3 Factors that inc. CVP

A
  1. inc. blood volume
  2. inc. in large vessel tone
  3. dilation of the arterioles

ANYTHING THAT CAN INC. VENOUS RETURN!

72
Q

What are the 2 factors that regulate MAP?

A
  1. Baroreceptor reflex

2. RAAS

73
Q

A fast, neurally mediated reflex that attempts to keep arterial pressure constant via changes in the output of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

Baroreceptor reflex

74
Q

A hormonal system that regulates MAP primarily by regulating blood volume

A

RAAS

75
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

in the walls of the carotid sinus and aortic arch

76
Q

Baroreceptors are sensitive to ______

A

pressure or stretch

77
Q

the baroreceptor reflex is a reflex arc composed by what 4 things:

A
  1. Receptors for BP
  2. Afferent neurons
  3. Brain stem centers
  4. efferent neurons
78
Q

T/F RAAS is quicker than the Baroreceptor reflex in controlling MAP

A

F. slower

79
Q

What activates RAAS?

A

Dec. in MAP

80
Q

What are the 5 steps of RAAS?

A
  1. Dec in MAP stimulates kidney to produce renin
  2. Renin causes angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I
  3. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in lungs
  4. Angiotensin II stimulates Adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
  5. Aldosterone inc. blood volume
81
Q

How does aldosterone, produced during RAAS, increase blood volume

A

increases sodium, chloride, and water absorption

excretion of K+

82
Q

AngiotensinII acts on the hypothalamus to do what?

A

Inc. thirst and produce ADH

83
Q

Name 4 other mechanisms that also aid in regulating MAP?

A
  1. chemoreceptors for O2
  2. chemoreceptors for CO2
  3. ADH
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide
84
Q

where are peripheral receptors for O2 located?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

85
Q

What is the primary function of the chemoreceptors for O2 located in the carotid and aortic bodies?

A

control of breathing

86
Q

Cardiopulmonary low pressure baroreceptors located in the veins, atria and pulmonary arteries

A

cardopulmonary volume receptors

87
Q

what do cardopulmonary volume receptors do?

A

sense changes in volume

88
Q

The response to an inc. in blood volume includes what 4 actions?

A
  1. inc. secretion of ANP
  2. dec. secretion of ADH
  3. Renal vasodilation
  4. inc HR