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Physiology 1 > Final Exam Respiratory 4-6 > Flashcards

Final Exam Respiratory 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood entering the alveolar capillary from the small pulmonary arteries

A

Mixed venous blood

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2
Q

What percentage of O2 is dissolved in blood?

A

2%

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3
Q

What percentage of O2 is bound to hemoglobin?

A

98%

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4
Q

The only form of O2 that produces a partial pressure, which drives O2 diffusion

A

Dissolved O2

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5
Q

What do the subunits of hemoglobin contain?

A

A Heme molecule

An 2 Alpha and 2 Beta polypeptide globulin chains

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6
Q

What produces the heme molecule on hemoglobin?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

What produces the alpha and beta chains on a heme molecule?

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the difference between an adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?

A

Adult: contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Fetal: contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

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9
Q

Why does fetal hemoglobin have gamma chains instead of beta?

A

Higher affinity for O2 to facilitate O2 movement from mother to fetus

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10
Q

What would happen if there was no globin?

A

oxygen would oxidize the ferrous iron to ferric iron

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11
Q

Enzyme located inside of RBCs that helps keep iron in its reduced state

A

Methemoglobin reductase

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12
Q

name for oxygenated hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

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13
Q

Name for deoxygenated hemoglobin

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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14
Q

for the subunits to bind O2, iron in the heme molecule must be in the Ferrous/Ferric State?

A

Ferrous

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15
Q

T/F. Methemoglobin does not bind to O2

A

T

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16
Q

T/F. in sickle cell disease both the alpha and beta subunits are abnormal.

A

F. Alpha is normal, Beta is abnormal

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17
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

Binding of the first molecule of O2 to a heme group inc. the affinity for the second molecule and so on. . .

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18
Q

What is P50?

A

Po2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated

2 heme groups are bound to O2

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19
Q

An inc. in P50 reflects a inc/dec in affinity

A

Dec.

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20
Q

A dec. in P50 relfects a inc/dec in affinity

A

Inc.

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21
Q

At lower values of PO2, affinity for O2 is Higher/Lower

A

Lower

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22
Q

At Higher values of PO2, affinity for O2 is Higher/Lower

A

Higher

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23
Q

Do High values of PO2 facilitate loading or unloading of O2 in the lungs?

A

Loading

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24
Q

Do Low values of PO2 facilitate loading or unloading of O2 in the tissues?

A

Unloading

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25
Q

what 4 factors will cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left?

A
  1. Higher Hb-O2 affinity
  2. Lower CO2
  3. Higher pH
  4. Lower Temp.
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26
Q

What 4 factors will cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right?

A
  1. Reduced Hb-O2 affinity
  2. Higher CO2
  3. Lower pH
  4. Higher temp.
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27
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 is carried in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved CO2
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin
  3. Bicarbonate
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28
Q

What is the most important way to transport CO2 in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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29
Q

T/F. The reaction between CO2 and water in the blood to form H2CO3 happens quickly in plasma and slowly inside RBC?

A

F. Slow in plasma, Quick in RBC

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30
Q

The reaction where dissolved CO2 in plasma reacts with water to form carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

A

Hydration Rxn

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31
Q

Enzyme that is abundant w/i RBCs and catalyzes the hydration reaction

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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32
Q

T/F. PO2 and PCO2 increases greatly during exercise?

A

F. Hardly altered

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33
Q

What are the 4 components in the control of breathing.

A
  1. control centers in the brainstem
  2. chemoreceptors for O2 and CO2
  3. mechanoreceptors in the lungs and joints
  4. resp. muscles whose acitvity is directed by brain stem.
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34
Q

The respiratory center is composed by several groups of neurons located where?

A

pons and medulla

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35
Q

What are the 3 major centers of the brain stem control of respiration?

A
  1. dorsal respiratory group
  2. ventral respiratory group
  3. the pneumotaxic center
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36
Q

What two brain stem control centers are in the medulla?

A

dorsal and ventral resp. group

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37
Q

What brain stem control center is in the pons?

A

pneumotaxic center

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38
Q

Where are most neurons located within the dorsal resp. group?

A

Nucleous of the tractus solarius (NTS)

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39
Q

The sensory termination of both the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves

A

NTS

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40
Q

The vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves send sensory signals to the respiratory center through the NTS from which 3 places?

A
  1. peripheral receptors
  2. baroreceptors
  3. receptors in lungs
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41
Q

The basic rhythm of resp. is generated mainly in the ____ group of neurons

A

Dorsal resp.

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42
Q

The ____ causes a steady inc. in the volume of the lungs during inspiration, rather than inspiratory gasps

A

ramp signal

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43
Q

What are the 2 controls of the inspiratory ramp:

A
  1. control of the rate of inc. of the ramp signal

2. control of the limiting point at which the ramp suddenly ceases

44
Q

Why do we have the control of the rate of inc. of the ramp signal?

A

So that during heavy resp. the ramp inc. rapidly and therefore fills the lungs rapidly

45
Q

why do we have to control the limiting point at which the ramp suddenly ceases

A

controls the rate of resp.

46
Q

the earlier the ramp ceases, the longer/shorter the duration of inspiration/expiration

47
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic center located?

48
Q

what is the primary effect of the pneumotaxic center

A

control the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory ramp

limits inspiration, controlling the duration of the filling phase of lung cycle

49
Q

This area operates as an overdrive mech. when high levels of pulmonary ventilation are required

A

ventral resp. group

50
Q

T/F. the neurons of the ventral resp. are activated during normal quiet respiration?

A

F. inactive during quiet resp.

51
Q

what are the 3 most important sensory info. arriving at the brain stem

A

PaO2, PaCO2, pH

52
Q

receptors in brain stem that are important for minute to minute conrrol of breathing and communicate with the inspiratory center

A

chemoreceptors

53
Q

What are the chemoreceptors in the brain stem sensitive to?

A

Inc in pCO2

54
Q

T/F. the BBB is permeable to CO2 but not HCO3-, or H+

55
Q

A Dec. in pH signals the inspiratory center to inc/dec breathing rate?

56
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

57
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Dec. in PO2

58
Q

glandular-like cells located in the carotid and aortic bodies?

A

Glomus cell

59
Q

What are the 3 steps of glomus cell stimulation

A
  1. when PO2 dec below 60mmHg, k+ channels close causing depolarization
  2. Voltage gated Ca channels open and stimulates transmitter release
  3. transmitter activates afferent fibers to sen signals to CNS and stimulates resp.
60
Q

What are the 2 transmitters used in the stimulation of glomus cells

A
  1. ATP

2. AcH

61
Q

With the dec. in PO2, the firing rate of the sensory neurons inc/dec

62
Q

Why are peripheral chemoreceptors particularly sensitive to a PO2 range b/t 60 and 30 mmHg?

A

this is the range in which hemoglobin saturation O2 dec.

63
Q

Dec. in PO2 causes an inc/dec in breathing rate?

64
Q

if you Inc. PCO2; you inc/dec alveolar vent.?

65
Q

Dec. PCO2 = inc/dec alveolar vent?

66
Q

Inc pH = inc/dec alveolar vent

67
Q

Dec. pH = inc/dec alveolar vent

68
Q

Inc PO2 = inc/dec alveolar vent?

69
Q

Dec. PO2 = inc/dec alveolar vent

70
Q

Mechanoreceptors located in the smooth muscle of airways that are stimulated by distension of lungs

A

Lung Streach receptors

71
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

When lung streach receptors are stimulated they initiate this reflex to dec. in breathing rate

72
Q

Reflex that dec. breathing rate by prolonging expiratory time

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

73
Q

Mechanoreceptors located in the joints and muscles, that detect the movement of limbs and instruct the inspiratory center to inc. breathing rate

A

joint and muscle receptors

74
Q

receptors for noxious chemicals and particles are located b/t epithelial cells lining the airways

A

irritant receptors

75
Q

Information from these receptors travels to medulla and causes a reflex constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and an inc. in breathing rate

A

irritant receptors

76
Q

T/F. During moderate exercise there is no change in arterial PO2, PCO2, or pH

77
Q

During moderate exercise there is a dec. in venous PCO2

78
Q

T/F. Ascent to high altitude can cause hypoxemia

79
Q

What is the most significant short-term response to high altitude?

A

Hyperventilation

80
Q

T/F. hyperventilation leads to respiratory acidosis

A

F. alkalosis (inc. in pH)

81
Q

What are the 3 long term adjustments to hypoxia?

A
  1. prodution of more erythrocytes
  2. dec. affinity of hemoglobin for O2
  3. inc. capillary density in muscle
82
Q

T/F hypoxic vasoconstriction can induce heart failure?

83
Q

What are the 3 non respiratory functions of the lungs?

A
  1. defense mechanisms
  2. Pulmonary fluid exchange
  3. metabolic functions
84
Q

What are the 2 defense mechanisms of the lungs?

A
  1. nonspecific/innate immunity

2. specific defense/ adaptive immunity

85
Q

type of defense mech. that offers immediate protection against many inhaled substances

A

nonspecific/innate

86
Q

What are the 4 ways of the innate immune response in the lungs?

A
  1. mucociliary system
  2. cough
  3. resident phagocytic cells in alveoli
  4. TLRs on surface of cells
87
Q

Type of defense that involves the immune system and is directed against specific injurious agents

A

Specific/adaptive

88
Q

Which type of defense has an immune memory?

89
Q

What are the 3 ways of particle deposition in the mucocillary system?

A
  1. Impaction
  2. sedimentation
  3. diffusion
90
Q

How do large particles contact the airways?

91
Q

Where does impaction typically occur?

A

where airway direction changes

92
Q

What is accumulated near sites of inertial impaction?

A

accumulations of lymphoid tissue

93
Q

How do small to medium sized particles contact the airways?

A

Sedimentation/diffusion

94
Q

Where does sedimentation and diffusion typically occur?

A

where airflow rates diminish deeper in lungs

95
Q

What are the 2 layers of the mucociliary system?

A
  1. Watery layer (SOL)

2. mucus layer (GEL)

96
Q

What are the 3 sites where mucus originates from?

A
  1. bronchioles
  2. larger airways
  3. bronchial mucosa
97
Q

What type of cells in bronchioles produce mucus

A

clara cells

98
Q

what type of cells in the large airways produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells

99
Q

What type of cells in the bronchial mucosa produce mucus?

A

Bronchial glands

100
Q

Normal airway epithelia regulate the rates of ____ absorption and ____ secretion to regulate the depth of the mucus layer.

101
Q

What initiates coughing?

A

irritant receptors

102
Q

What 2 things can stimulate irritant receptors to induce coughing?

A
  1. mechanical deformation (foreign body)

2. Excessive amts. of material on the epithelial surface

103
Q

T/F. cough reflex assists in removing mucus from the more peripheral bronchi and bronchioles

A

F. does NOT assist

104
Q

Which cell types can produce and release cytokines and chemokines

A
  1. macrophages
  2. lymphocytes
  3. epithelial cells
  4. endothelial cells
  5. other
105
Q

Molecules that attract inflammatory cells to the site of injury and provide a means of communication b/t cells

A

Cytokines and chemokines

106
Q

Inflammation of the Pleura

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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