Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 1 > Final Exam Respiratory 4-6 > Flashcards

Final Exam Respiratory 4-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood entering the alveolar capillary from the small pulmonary arteries

A

Mixed venous blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percentage of O2 is dissolved in blood?

A

2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What percentage of O2 is bound to hemoglobin?

A

98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The only form of O2 that produces a partial pressure, which drives O2 diffusion

A

Dissolved O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the subunits of hemoglobin contain?

A

A Heme molecule

An 2 Alpha and 2 Beta polypeptide globulin chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What produces the heme molecule on hemoglobin?

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What produces the alpha and beta chains on a heme molecule?

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between an adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?

A

Adult: contains 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Fetal: contains 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why does fetal hemoglobin have gamma chains instead of beta?

A

Higher affinity for O2 to facilitate O2 movement from mother to fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What would happen if there was no globin?

A

oxygen would oxidize the ferrous iron to ferric iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enzyme located inside of RBCs that helps keep iron in its reduced state

A

Methemoglobin reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name for oxygenated hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name for deoxygenated hemoglobin

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

for the subunits to bind O2, iron in the heme molecule must be in the Ferrous/Ferric State?

A

Ferrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F. Methemoglobin does not bind to O2

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F. in sickle cell disease both the alpha and beta subunits are abnormal.

A

F. Alpha is normal, Beta is abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

Binding of the first molecule of O2 to a heme group inc. the affinity for the second molecule and so on. . .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is P50?

A

Po2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated

2 heme groups are bound to O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An inc. in P50 reflects a inc/dec in affinity

A

Dec.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A dec. in P50 relfects a inc/dec in affinity

A

Inc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At lower values of PO2, affinity for O2 is Higher/Lower

A

Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At Higher values of PO2, affinity for O2 is Higher/Lower

A

Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do High values of PO2 facilitate loading or unloading of O2 in the lungs?

A

Loading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do Low values of PO2 facilitate loading or unloading of O2 in the tissues?

A

Unloading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what 4 factors will cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left?

A
  1. Higher Hb-O2 affinity
  2. Lower CO2
  3. Higher pH
  4. Lower Temp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What 4 factors will cause the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right?

A
  1. Reduced Hb-O2 affinity
  2. Higher CO2
  3. Lower pH
  4. Higher temp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 is carried in blood?

A
  1. Dissolved CO2
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin
  3. Bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most important way to transport CO2 in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

T/F. The reaction between CO2 and water in the blood to form H2CO3 happens quickly in plasma and slowly inside RBC?

A

F. Slow in plasma, Quick in RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The reaction where dissolved CO2 in plasma reacts with water to form carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

A

Hydration Rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Enzyme that is abundant w/i RBCs and catalyzes the hydration reaction

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F. PO2 and PCO2 increases greatly during exercise?

A

F. Hardly altered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 4 components in the control of breathing.

A
  1. control centers in the brainstem
  2. chemoreceptors for O2 and CO2
  3. mechanoreceptors in the lungs and joints
  4. resp. muscles whose acitvity is directed by brain stem.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The respiratory center is composed by several groups of neurons located where?

A

pons and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 3 major centers of the brain stem control of respiration?

A
  1. dorsal respiratory group
  2. ventral respiratory group
  3. the pneumotaxic center
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What two brain stem control centers are in the medulla?

A

dorsal and ventral resp. group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What brain stem control center is in the pons?

A

pneumotaxic center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are most neurons located within the dorsal resp. group?

A

Nucleous of the tractus solarius (NTS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The sensory termination of both the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves

A

NTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves send sensory signals to the respiratory center through the NTS from which 3 places?

A
  1. peripheral receptors
  2. baroreceptors
  3. receptors in lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The basic rhythm of resp. is generated mainly in the ____ group of neurons

A

Dorsal resp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The ____ causes a steady inc. in the volume of the lungs during inspiration, rather than inspiratory gasps

A

ramp signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 2 controls of the inspiratory ramp:

A
  1. control of the rate of inc. of the ramp signal

2. control of the limiting point at which the ramp suddenly ceases

44
Q

Why do we have the control of the rate of inc. of the ramp signal?

A

So that during heavy resp. the ramp inc. rapidly and therefore fills the lungs rapidly

45
Q

why do we have to control the limiting point at which the ramp suddenly ceases

A

controls the rate of resp.

46
Q

the earlier the ramp ceases, the longer/shorter the duration of inspiration/expiration

A

Shorter

47
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic center located?

A

Pons

48
Q

what is the primary effect of the pneumotaxic center

A

control the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory ramp

limits inspiration, controlling the duration of the filling phase of lung cycle

49
Q

This area operates as an overdrive mech. when high levels of pulmonary ventilation are required

A

ventral resp. group

50
Q

T/F. the neurons of the ventral resp. are activated during normal quiet respiration?

A

F. inactive during quiet resp.

51
Q

what are the 3 most important sensory info. arriving at the brain stem

A

PaO2, PaCO2, pH

52
Q

receptors in brain stem that are important for minute to minute conrrol of breathing and communicate with the inspiratory center

A

chemoreceptors

53
Q

What are the chemoreceptors in the brain stem sensitive to?

A

Inc in pCO2

54
Q

T/F. the BBB is permeable to CO2 but not HCO3-, or H+

A

T

55
Q

A Dec. in pH signals the inspiratory center to inc/dec breathing rate?

A

Inc

56
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

57
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Dec. in PO2

58
Q

glandular-like cells located in the carotid and aortic bodies?

A

Glomus cell

59
Q

What are the 3 steps of glomus cell stimulation

A
  1. when PO2 dec below 60mmHg, k+ channels close causing depolarization
  2. Voltage gated Ca channels open and stimulates transmitter release
  3. transmitter activates afferent fibers to sen signals to CNS and stimulates resp.
60
Q

What are the 2 transmitters used in the stimulation of glomus cells

A
  1. ATP

2. AcH

61
Q

With the dec. in PO2, the firing rate of the sensory neurons inc/dec

A

Inc.

62
Q

Why are peripheral chemoreceptors particularly sensitive to a PO2 range b/t 60 and 30 mmHg?

A

this is the range in which hemoglobin saturation O2 dec.

63
Q

Dec. in PO2 causes an inc/dec in breathing rate?

A

inc.

64
Q

if you Inc. PCO2; you inc/dec alveolar vent.?

A

Inc

65
Q

Dec. PCO2 = inc/dec alveolar vent?

A

dec

66
Q

Inc pH = inc/dec alveolar vent

A

dec

67
Q

Dec. pH = inc/dec alveolar vent

A

inc

68
Q

Inc PO2 = inc/dec alveolar vent?

A

dec

69
Q

Dec. PO2 = inc/dec alveolar vent

A

inc

70
Q

Mechanoreceptors located in the smooth muscle of airways that are stimulated by distension of lungs

A

Lung Streach receptors

71
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

When lung streach receptors are stimulated they initiate this reflex to dec. in breathing rate

72
Q

Reflex that dec. breathing rate by prolonging expiratory time

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

73
Q

Mechanoreceptors located in the joints and muscles, that detect the movement of limbs and instruct the inspiratory center to inc. breathing rate

A

joint and muscle receptors

74
Q

receptors for noxious chemicals and particles are located b/t epithelial cells lining the airways

A

irritant receptors

75
Q

Information from these receptors travels to medulla and causes a reflex constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and an inc. in breathing rate

A

irritant receptors

76
Q

T/F. During moderate exercise there is no change in arterial PO2, PCO2, or pH

A

T

77
Q

During moderate exercise there is a dec. in venous PCO2

A

F. Inc

78
Q

T/F. Ascent to high altitude can cause hypoxemia

A

T

79
Q

What is the most significant short-term response to high altitude?

A

Hyperventilation

80
Q

T/F. hyperventilation leads to respiratory acidosis

A

F. alkalosis (inc. in pH)

81
Q

What are the 3 long term adjustments to hypoxia?

A
  1. prodution of more erythrocytes
  2. dec. affinity of hemoglobin for O2
  3. inc. capillary density in muscle
82
Q

T/F hypoxic vasoconstriction can induce heart failure?

A

T

83
Q

What are the 3 non respiratory functions of the lungs?

A
  1. defense mechanisms
  2. Pulmonary fluid exchange
  3. metabolic functions
84
Q

What are the 2 defense mechanisms of the lungs?

A
  1. nonspecific/innate immunity

2. specific defense/ adaptive immunity

85
Q

type of defense mech. that offers immediate protection against many inhaled substances

A

nonspecific/innate

86
Q

What are the 4 ways of the innate immune response in the lungs?

A
  1. mucociliary system
  2. cough
  3. resident phagocytic cells in alveoli
  4. TLRs on surface of cells
87
Q

Type of defense that involves the immune system and is directed against specific injurious agents

A

Specific/adaptive

88
Q

Which type of defense has an immune memory?

A

Adaptive

89
Q

What are the 3 ways of particle deposition in the mucocillary system?

A
  1. Impaction
  2. sedimentation
  3. diffusion
90
Q

How do large particles contact the airways?

A

impaction

91
Q

Where does impaction typically occur?

A

where airway direction changes

92
Q

What is accumulated near sites of inertial impaction?

A

accumulations of lymphoid tissue

93
Q

How do small to medium sized particles contact the airways?

A

Sedimentation/diffusion

94
Q

Where does sedimentation and diffusion typically occur?

A

where airflow rates diminish deeper in lungs

95
Q

What are the 2 layers of the mucociliary system?

A
  1. Watery layer (SOL)

2. mucus layer (GEL)

96
Q

What are the 3 sites where mucus originates from?

A
  1. bronchioles
  2. larger airways
  3. bronchial mucosa
97
Q

What type of cells in bronchioles produce mucus

A

clara cells

98
Q

what type of cells in the large airways produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells

99
Q

What type of cells in the bronchial mucosa produce mucus?

A

Bronchial glands

100
Q

Normal airway epithelia regulate the rates of ____ absorption and ____ secretion to regulate the depth of the mucus layer.

A

Na; Cl

101
Q

What initiates coughing?

A

irritant receptors

102
Q

What 2 things can stimulate irritant receptors to induce coughing?

A
  1. mechanical deformation (foreign body)

2. Excessive amts. of material on the epithelial surface

103
Q

T/F. cough reflex assists in removing mucus from the more peripheral bronchi and bronchioles

A

F. does NOT assist

104
Q

Which cell types can produce and release cytokines and chemokines

A
  1. macrophages
  2. lymphocytes
  3. epithelial cells
  4. endothelial cells
  5. other
105
Q

Molecules that attract inflammatory cells to the site of injury and provide a means of communication b/t cells

A

Cytokines and chemokines

106
Q

Inflammation of the Pleura

A

pleuritis

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions