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Physiology 1 > Molecular and cellular bases 1-3 > Flashcards

Molecular and cellular bases 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major parts of the cell?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

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2
Q

the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the _________

A

Nuclear Membrane

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3
Q

the cytoplasm is separated from its surroundings by the _________

A

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

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4
Q

what are the 5 basic substances that make up the protoplasm?

A

Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

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5
Q

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

ions

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins found in a cell?

A
  1. structural

2. functional

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7
Q

Proteins that are present i ncells as long filaments

A

Structural

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8
Q

Proteins that form microtubules that provide the cytoskeletons of some organelles

A

Structural

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9
Q

Proteins that are a combination of a few molecules in tubular-globular form, they are often mobile in cell

A

Functional

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10
Q

what are the 3 main types of lipids in the bilayer?

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. sphingolipids
  3. cholesterol
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11
Q

what are the 2 sides of phospholipids?

A

Hydrophobic Tail and hydrophilic head

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12
Q

What is the function of sphingolipids?

A

protection, signal transmission, adhesion sites

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13
Q

where are sphingolipids found?

A

small amount in cell membrane, especially in nerve cells

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14
Q

what is the importance of cholesterol in the PM

A

Helps determine permeability and controls fluidity

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

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16
Q

what are integral membrane proteins

A

proteins that extend all the way through the membrane

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17
Q

what are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

proteins that attach only to the surface of the membrane

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18
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

integral proteins that transport substances that otherwise could not penetrate the memb.

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19
Q

T/F some carrier proteins act against the electro-chemical gradient?

A

T

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20
Q

T/F most integral proteins are glycoproteins?

A

T

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21
Q

what are glycoproteins made of?

A

carbohydrates + Proteins

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22
Q

what are glycolipids made of?

A

carbohydrates + Lipids

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23
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores

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24
Q

_____ is the loose carbohydrate coat on the entire outside surface of the cell

A

glycocalyx

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25
Q

What is the glycocalyx made up of?

A

proteoglycand, glycoprotiens, and glycolipids

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26
Q

what is cytosol?

A

jelly-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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27
Q

what is the role of the ER

A

helps process molecules made by the cell and transports them to their specific destinations in or out of cell

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28
Q

what are the walls of the ER made of?

A

lipid bi-layer membrane containing large amounts of proteins

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29
Q

what is the Endoplasmic matrix

A

fills inside of ER watery medeium

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30
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

synthesis of new proteins

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31
Q

vesicular organelles that form by breaking off of golgi and disperse through the cytoplasm

A

lysosomes

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32
Q

lysosomes allow cells to do 3 things:

A
  1. digest damaged cellular structures
  2. digest food particles
  3. digest unwanted matter
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33
Q

which cellular structure contains oxidases

A

peroxisomes

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34
Q

what are the two lipid bilayer/ protein membranes of the mitochondrian

A

inner and outer membrane

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35
Q

A network of fibular proteins organized into filaments or tubules

A

cell cytoskeleton

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36
Q

what is ectoplasm?

A

large numbers of actin filaments in outer zone of cytoplasm, provides the cell with elastic support

37
Q

what are microtubules?

A

stiff fillament composed of polymerized tubulin, provide the cell with a rigid structure

38
Q

what is the importance of the cell cytoskeleton

A

determines cell shape, and participates in cell division, allows cells to move, directs movement of organelles w/i cell

39
Q

what are the two messages that the nucleus of the cell sends?

A
  1. grow and mature

2. replicate or Die

40
Q

simple movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules

41
Q

involves actual carying of substance through the memb. by physical protein structure that penetrates all the way though the memb.

A

active transport

42
Q

what are the 2 forms of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

43
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

ingestion of minute particles that form vessicles of ECF and prticulate constituents

44
Q

T/F pinocytosis does not require ATP

45
Q

ingestion of large particles, like whole bacteria, whole cells, or pieces of tissues

A

Phagocytosis

46
Q

Indigestable substances that are excreted out of cell through exocytosis following pino or phagocytosis

A

Residual body

47
Q

what is autolysis

A

cell digestion when cell becomes damaged

48
Q

what are the 3 bacterial agents in lysosomes

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. Lysoferrin
  3. Acid
49
Q

what is autophagy

A

recycling of cell organelles, cell literally eats itself

50
Q

T/F the smooth ER synthesizes lipids

51
Q

what is the major function of the golgi apparatus

A

to provide additional processing substances from ER

52
Q

3 classes of recepotrs

A
  1. GPCRs
  2. RTKs
  3. Nuclear Receptors
53
Q

largest family of receptors

54
Q

cytoplasmic ions and molecules that are linked to receptor ligand binding, they carry info. withing the cytoplasm in response to a signal on the outside

A

Second Messangers

55
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A
  1. compartmentalization
  2. selective transport
  3. information processing and transmission
  4. organizing biochemical reactions in space
56
Q

2 basic functions of the membrane potential

A
  1. allows a cell to function as a battery ( power diff molecular devices)
  2. used for transmitting signals between diff parts of a cell
57
Q

the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

58
Q

the fluid in which organelles of the cell reside

59
Q

3 contents of the cell nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. nucleolus
  3. Genetic Material
60
Q

extracellular fluid contains more ____ and _____

A

sodium and chloride

61
Q

intracellular fluid contains more ___, ___, and ____

A

potassium, phosphate and proteins

62
Q

3 types of stimuli that can open the gated channels

A
  1. changes in voltage across memb.
  2. ligand
  3. mechanical stress
63
Q

What are the 2 ways molecules an be transported through the cell memb.

A
  1. passive transport

2. active transport

64
Q

Type of transport where molecules move down their concentration gradient, requires no energy.

A

Passive transport/diffusion

65
Q

Type of transport where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requires energy

A

Active transport

66
Q

What are the 2 types of Passive transport?

A
  1. Simple diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion

67
Q

What are the ways molecules can enter the cell through Simple diffusion?

A
  1. Through the lipid bilayer
  2. through protein channels
  3. Osmosis
68
Q

What are the 2 types of active transport?

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

69
Q

What is Primary active Transport

A

energy derived from breakdown of ATP

transports against Conc. gradient

70
Q

What is Secondary active transport?

A
  1. Energy from conc. gradient of driving ion

2. Transport protein couples movement of 2 ions across memb.

71
Q

The simultaneous transport of 2 substances across a membrane in the same direction

A

Co- transport/Symport

72
Q

The simultaneous transport of 2 substances across a memb. in opposite directions

A

Counter-Transport/Antiport

73
Q

What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
74
Q

What are the 2 types of exocytosis?

A
  1. constitutive secretion

2. regulated secretions

75
Q

A protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside the cells

76
Q

the binding of a ______ activates the receptor which in turn activates intracellular signaling pathways or systems

77
Q

What are the 2 locations of Receptors

A
  1. cell surface

2. intracellular

78
Q

What are the 5 major types of cell surface receptors

A
  1. Ligand-Gated ion channels
  2. G-Protein coupled receptors
  3. Enzyme coupled receptors
  4. integrins
  5. Toll-Like receptors
79
Q

What are the 2 types of Enzyme coupled receptors?

A
  1. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

2. Cytokine receptors

80
Q

What is another name for G-Protein coupled receptor?

A

Metabotropic receptors

81
Q

Integral membrane protein composed of a single polypeptide chain that passes in and out of the plasma multiple times

82
Q

What are the 3 sub units of G protein receptor

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. gamma
83
Q

T/F. In regards to G protein coupled receptors, the Receptor is activated when GDP is bound to its alpha subunit.

A

F. Inactive when GDP is bound

84
Q

Which subunit of the G protein coupled receptor acts as an ATPase?

85
Q

Intracellular signaling molecules generated in large amounts in response to receptor activation

A

Second Messengers

86
Q

What are they 4 most important second messengers we talked about in class?

A
  1. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
  2. cAMP
  3. Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
  4. Calcium
87
Q

The largest class of enzyme coupled receptors

88
Q

Trans-membrane proteins with ligand binding domain outside the PM and their cytosolic domain either has intrinsic enzyme activity or associates with and enzyme

89
Q

T/F RTKs have many trans membrane segments.

A

F. only 1 trans-membrane segment per RTK

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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