Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology 1 > Molecular and cellular bases 1-3 > Flashcards

Molecular and cellular bases 1-3 Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 2 major parts of the cell?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the _________

A

Nuclear Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the cytoplasm is separated from its surroundings by the _________

A

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 5 basic substances that make up the protoplasm?

A

Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins found in a cell?

A
  1. structural

2. functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proteins that are present i ncells as long filaments

A

Structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Proteins that form microtubules that provide the cytoskeletons of some organelles

A

Structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proteins that are a combination of a few molecules in tubular-globular form, they are often mobile in cell

A

Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 main types of lipids in the bilayer?

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. sphingolipids
  3. cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 2 sides of phospholipids?

A

Hydrophobic Tail and hydrophilic head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of sphingolipids?

A

protection, signal transmission, adhesion sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are sphingolipids found?

A

small amount in cell membrane, especially in nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the importance of cholesterol in the PM

A

Helps determine permeability and controls fluidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are integral membrane proteins

A

proteins that extend all the way through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

proteins that attach only to the surface of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

integral proteins that transport substances that otherwise could not penetrate the memb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F some carrier proteins act against the electro-chemical gradient?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F most integral proteins are glycoproteins?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are glycoproteins made of?

A

carbohydrates + Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are glycolipids made of?

A

carbohydrates + Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____ is the loose carbohydrate coat on the entire outside surface of the cell

A

glycocalyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the glycocalyx made up of?
proteoglycand, glycoprotiens, and glycolipids
26
what is cytosol?
jelly-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm
27
what is the role of the ER
helps process molecules made by the cell and transports them to their specific destinations in or out of cell
28
what are the walls of the ER made of?
lipid bi-layer membrane containing large amounts of proteins
29
what is the Endoplasmic matrix
fills inside of ER watery medeium
30
what is the function of ribosomes?
synthesis of new proteins
31
vesicular organelles that form by breaking off of golgi and disperse through the cytoplasm
lysosomes
32
lysosomes allow cells to do 3 things:
1. digest damaged cellular structures 2. digest food particles 3. digest unwanted matter
33
which cellular structure contains oxidases
peroxisomes
34
what are the two lipid bilayer/ protein membranes of the mitochondrian
inner and outer membrane
35
A network of fibular proteins organized into filaments or tubules
cell cytoskeleton
36
what is ectoplasm?
large numbers of actin filaments in outer zone of cytoplasm, provides the cell with elastic support
37
what are microtubules?
stiff fillament composed of polymerized tubulin, provide the cell with a rigid structure
38
what is the importance of the cell cytoskeleton
determines cell shape, and participates in cell division, allows cells to move, directs movement of organelles w/i cell
39
what are the two messages that the nucleus of the cell sends?
1. grow and mature | 2. replicate or Die
40
simple movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules
diffusion
41
involves actual carying of substance through the memb. by physical protein structure that penetrates all the way though the memb.
active transport
42
what are the 2 forms of endocytosis
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
43
what is pinocytosis
ingestion of minute particles that form vessicles of ECF and prticulate constituents
44
T/F pinocytosis does not require ATP
F
45
ingestion of large particles, like whole bacteria, whole cells, or pieces of tissues
Phagocytosis
46
Indigestable substances that are excreted out of cell through exocytosis following pino or phagocytosis
Residual body
47
what is autolysis
cell digestion when cell becomes damaged
48
what are the 3 bacterial agents in lysosomes
1. lysozyme 2. Lysoferrin 3. Acid
49
what is autophagy
recycling of cell organelles, cell literally eats itself
50
T/F the smooth ER synthesizes lipids
T
51
what is the major function of the golgi apparatus
to provide additional processing substances from ER
52
3 classes of recepotrs
1. GPCRs 2. RTKs 3. Nuclear Receptors
53
largest family of receptors
GPCRs
54
cytoplasmic ions and molecules that are linked to receptor ligand binding, they carry info. withing the cytoplasm in response to a signal on the outside
Second Messangers
55
functions of the cell membrane
1. compartmentalization 2. selective transport 3. information processing and transmission 4. organizing biochemical reactions in space
56
2 basic functions of the membrane potential
1. allows a cell to function as a battery ( power diff molecular devices) 2. used for transmitting signals between diff parts of a cell
57
the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
58
the fluid in which organelles of the cell reside
cytosol
59
3 contents of the cell nucleus
1. nuclear envelope 2. nucleolus 3. Genetic Material
60
extracellular fluid contains more ____ and _____
sodium and chloride
61
intracellular fluid contains more ___, ___, and ____
potassium, phosphate and proteins
62
3 types of stimuli that can open the gated channels
1. changes in voltage across memb. 2. ligand 3. mechanical stress
63
What are the 2 ways molecules an be transported through the cell memb.
1. passive transport | 2. active transport
64
Type of transport where molecules move down their concentration gradient, requires no energy.
Passive transport/diffusion
65
Type of transport where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requires energy
Active transport
66
What are the 2 types of Passive transport?
1. Simple diffusion | 2. Facilitated diffusion
67
What are the ways molecules can enter the cell through Simple diffusion?
1. Through the lipid bilayer 2. through protein channels 3. Osmosis
68
What are the 2 types of active transport?
1. Primary | 2. Secondary
69
What is Primary active Transport
energy derived from breakdown of ATP transports against Conc. gradient
70
What is Secondary active transport?
1. Energy from conc. gradient of driving ion | 2. Transport protein couples movement of 2 ions across memb.
71
The simultaneous transport of 2 substances across a membrane in the same direction
Co- transport/Symport
72
The simultaneous transport of 2 substances across a memb. in opposite directions
Counter-Transport/Antiport
73
What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?
1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
74
What are the 2 types of exocytosis?
1. constitutive secretion | 2. regulated secretions
75
A protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside the cells
Receptor
76
the binding of a ______ activates the receptor which in turn activates intracellular signaling pathways or systems
Ligand
77
What are the 2 locations of Receptors
1. cell surface | 2. intracellular
78
What are the 5 major types of cell surface receptors
1. Ligand-Gated ion channels 2. G-Protein coupled receptors 3. Enzyme coupled receptors 4. integrins 5. Toll-Like receptors
79
What are the 2 types of Enzyme coupled receptors?
1. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) | 2. Cytokine receptors
80
What is another name for G-Protein coupled receptor?
Metabotropic receptors
81
Integral membrane protein composed of a single polypeptide chain that passes in and out of the plasma multiple times
G-Protein
82
What are the 3 sub units of G protein receptor
1. alpha 2. beta 3. gamma
83
T/F. In regards to G protein coupled receptors, the Receptor is activated when GDP is bound to its alpha subunit.
F. Inactive when GDP is bound
84
Which subunit of the G protein coupled receptor acts as an ATPase?
alpha
85
Intracellular signaling molecules generated in large amounts in response to receptor activation
Second Messengers
86
What are they 4 most important second messengers we talked about in class?
1. Diacylglycerol (DAG) 2. cAMP 3. Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) 4. Calcium
87
The largest class of enzyme coupled receptors
RTK
88
Trans-membrane proteins with ligand binding domain outside the PM and their cytosolic domain either has intrinsic enzyme activity or associates with and enzyme
RTK
89
T/F RTKs have many trans membrane segments.
F. only 1 trans-membrane segment per RTK

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions