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Physiology 1 > Exam 3 CVS 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 3 CVS 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Atria and ventricles are separated by _______.

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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2
Q

left AV valve

A

Mitral Valve

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3
Q

Right AV valve

A

Tricuspid valve

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4
Q

_______ are positioned between the ventricles and the great arteries

A

Semilunar Valves

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5
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve

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6
Q

propels blood through the pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle

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7
Q

propels blood through the systemic circulation

A

left ventricle

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8
Q

what are the 3 diff types of cardiac cells

A
  1. myocardial cells
  2. pacemaker cells
  3. conduction cells
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9
Q

striated muscle specialized for contraction and impulse conduction

A

myocardial cells

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10
Q

cells that exhibit automatic rhythmical electrical discharge in the form of APs

A

Pacemaker cells

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11
Q

cells that conduct the APs through the heart providing and excitatory system that controls the rhythmical beating

A

conduction cells

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12
Q

Fibers remain separate but contract together as a single unit

A

Syncytium

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13
Q

What are the two types of cell - cell junctions found within intercalated disks

A
  1. gap junctions

2. desmosome

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14
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions?

A

allow rapid diffusion of ions

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15
Q

what is the purpose of desmosomes?

A

provide mechanical strength

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16
Q

Where is the main source of energy for cardiac muscle derived from?

A

oxidative metabolism of fatty acids

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17
Q

The normal pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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18
Q

where is the SA node located?

A

Right atrium

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19
Q

_____ initiates the AP that is conducted throughout the heart

A

SA node

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20
Q

T/F. the Sarcoplasmic reticulum is not well developed in cardiac muscle

A

T

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21
Q

what are the 2 places where calcium is derived in order to make AP

A
  1. Extracellular fluid

2. sarcoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

What generates the normal heart rythm?

a. Myocardium
b. sinoatrial node
c. atrioventricular node
d. purkinje fibers

A

B. SA node

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23
Q

delays impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles

A

AV node

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24
Q

where is the AV node located?

A

Behind the tricuspid valve in the R atrium

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25
Q

Why does the AV node delay the impulse from the atria to the ventricles?

A

to allow time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction begins

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26
Q

Trace AP through the heart:

A
  1. SA node generates impulse
  2. Impulse pulse at AV node
  3. AV bundle connects atria to ventricles
  4. bundle branches conduct impulses thorough the interventricular septum
  5. purkinje fibers depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles
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27
Q

Lead the AV node impulse through the AV bundle into the ventricles

A

Purkinje fibers

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28
Q

______ allows for instantaneous transmission of the cardiac impulse throughout the entire remainder of the ventricular muscle

A

Purkinje fibers

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29
Q

Is the AP in the SA node fast or slow compared with atrial and ventricular cells?

A

slow

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30
Q

What are funny sodium channels? and when are they open?

A

Pacemaker sodium channels

during slow AP:
closed during AP
begin to open spontaneously once an AP has finished

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31
Q

What are fast calcium channels? when are they open?

A

T-type calcium channels

begin to open near threshold of slow AP

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32
Q

what is the ion primarily responsible for the AP in a pacemaker cell?

A

Calcium

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33
Q

During slow AP in SA node, the repolarization occurs after the closing of_____ and opening of _______

A

Closing: L-type calcium channels

Opening: K channels

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34
Q

The myocardium AP (fast AP) is caused by the opening of 2 channels:

A
  1. Fast sodium channels

2. L-type calcium channels

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35
Q

Which cells have a shorter AP, atrial or ventricular?

A

Atrial

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36
Q

Movement away from the baseline in either a positive or negative direction

A

waveform

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37
Q

a line between waveforms

A

segment

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38
Q

a waveform and a segment

A

interval

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39
Q

several waveforms

A

complex

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40
Q

numbers of heartbeats per min.

A

HR

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41
Q

inc. in HR

A

Tachycardia

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42
Q

Dec. in HR

A

bradicardia

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43
Q

Normal cardiac rhythm where depolarization begins at the SA node

A

Sinus Rhythm

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44
Q

Abnormal heart rhythm

A

Arrhythmia

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45
Q

First ECG deflection

A

P wave

46
Q

ECG: What is the P wave

A

Depolarization of atrial muscle

47
Q

ECG: What are the 2 parts of the P wave?

A

R. atrial depolarization and L atrial depolarization

48
Q

ECG: What segment follows the P wave?

A

P-R segment

49
Q

ECG: What does the P-R segment correspond to?

A

AV node conduction

50
Q

ECG: the ______ is the time from initial depolarization of the atria to initial depolarization of the ventricles

A

P-R interval

51
Q

ECG: How does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation affect the P_R interval?

A

S: inc. conduction velocity
P: dec. conduction velocity

52
Q

ECG: As the impulse activates the His-Purkinje system and ventricular muscle, ________ is generated.

A

QRS complex

53
Q

ECG: wave that corresponds to early ventricular depolarization

A

Q

54
Q

ECG: wave that corresponds to ventricular depolarization

A

R

55
Q

ECG: wave that corresponds to late ventricular depolarization

A

S

56
Q

ECG: The ____ interval reflects the approximate duration of ventricular systole and the ventricular refractory period.

A

Q-T

57
Q

ECG: The ___ Segment correlates with the plateau of the ventriular AP

A

S-T

58
Q

ECG: Represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

59
Q

Which interval in an ECG can be used to calculate HR?

A

R-R

60
Q

The time between one R wave and the next?

A

Cycle length

61
Q

a positive and negative charge separated by a small distance

A

dipole

62
Q

Where are the electrodes for eithoven’s Triange placed?

A

RA, LA, LL

63
Q

ET: What color lead is the RA?

A

White

64
Q

ET: what color lead is the LA?

A

Black

65
Q

ET: what color lead is the LL?

A

Red

66
Q

ET: what color lead is the RL

A

Green

67
Q

ET: what does lead 1 connect?

A

RA and LA

68
Q

ET: what does lead 2 connect

A

RA and LL

69
Q

ET: what does lead 3 connect

A

LA and LL

70
Q

ET: Why are standard bipolar leads most extensively used in vet med?

A

Provides info on the frontal plane of the heart

71
Q

ET: What are the 3 augmented unipolar leads

A

aVR
aVL
aVF

72
Q

ET: Augmented lead that measures the voltage from the RA compared to the sum of the other two leads

A

aVr

73
Q

ET: Augmented lead that measures the voltage from the LA compared with the sum of the other two leads

A

aVL

74
Q

ET: Augmented lead that measures the voltage from the LA compared with the sum of the other two leads

A

aVF

75
Q

What do you use to determine the mean electrical axis(MEA)?

A

Hexaxial System

76
Q

Represents the direction of the average direction of the entire ventricular myocardium

A

MEA mean electrical axis

77
Q

Contraction and emptying of the heart

A

Systole

78
Q

relaxation and filling of the heart

A

diastole

79
Q

the total volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute

A

cardiac output (CO)

80
Q

the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles on each beat

A

Stroke volume

81
Q

Trace the pathway of blood through the heart:

A

deoxegenated blood> Vena cave> R atrium> R ventricle> Pulmonary arteries> Lungs> Oxygenated> pulmonary veins> L atrium> L ventricle> Aorta> circ.

82
Q

Prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during systole

A

AV Valves

83
Q

T/F Valves of the heart open passively

A

T

84
Q

When do the AV valves open?

A

When atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

85
Q

When do the AV valves close?

A

When ventricular pressure is greater than Atrial pressure

86
Q

The AV valves are attached to the papillary muscles by the ________

A

Chorda Tendinae

87
Q

T/F the function of the Chorda Tendinae is to help open and close the AV Valves?

A

F. function to pull the vanes of the valves inward toward the ventricles during systole

88
Q

Prevent back flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during diastole

A

Semilunar valves

89
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A

The closing of the semilunar valves

90
Q

What causes the semilunar valves to close?

A

higher pressure in the arteries during systole

91
Q

What does the A wave of the wiggers diagram correspond to?

A

Atrial contraction

92
Q

What does the C wave of the wiggers diagram correspond to?

A

ventricles begin to contract

93
Q

What does the V wave of the wiggers diagram correspond to?

A

End of ventricular contraction

94
Q

the ventricles fill with blood during systole or diastole?

A

Diastole

95
Q

What happens during the first 1/3 of diastole?

A

pressure inside atria causes AV valves to open and blood to rush into ventricles

96
Q

What happens during the second 1/3 of diastole?

A

small amount of blood flows into the ventricles

97
Q

what happens during the last 1/3 of diastole?

A

atria contract and give aditonal 20% of blood to ventricles

98
Q

the outflow of blood from the ventricles during systole begins with _______

A

isovolumic contraction

99
Q

what is the ejection fraction?

A

blood that is ejected during systole (60% of total volume)

100
Q

what are the 2 parts of the ejection fraction?

A
  1. Rapid ejection (70%)

2. Slow ejection (30%)

101
Q

what is incidura

A

short period of backwards flow during the end of systole when the AV valves close

102
Q

What is isovolumic relaxation

A

when both the AV and semilunar valves are closed following Systole

103
Q

During diastole, normal filling of the ventricles increases the volume of each ventricle

A

End diastolic volume

104
Q

the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat

A

stroke volume

105
Q

the remaining volume in each ventricle

A

end systolic volume

106
Q

the total volume ejected by the heart per minute

A

cardiac output

107
Q

What are the 4 stages of the volume pressure diagram of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. period of filling
  2. isovolumetric contraction
  3. period of ejection
  4. isovolumetric contraction
108
Q

What causes the 1st cardiac sound?

A

closing of the AV valves

109
Q

What causes the 2nd cardiac sound?

A

closing of the Semilunar valves

110
Q

What causes the 3rd cardiac sound?

A

Rush of blood into the ventricles

111
Q

What causes the 4th cardiac sound?

A

The end of diastole during atrial systole

Physiology 1 (11 decks)

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