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Fosforilados > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Indication for dopamine transporter scan

A

Differentiate Parkinson disease from essential tremor or drug-induced parkinsonism

MKSAP 20

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2
Q

Common causes of subacute combined degeneration

A

Vitamin B12 and copper deficiencies

MKSAP 20

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3
Q

Target SBP in intracerebral hemorrhage

A

130 to 150 mm Hg

MKSAP 20

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4
Q

Posthypoxic positive and negative myoclonus with action and gait

A

Lance-Adams syndrome

MKSAP 20

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5
Q

Refractory daily headaches with triptan, ergot alkaloid, opioid, or combination analgesic use ≥10 days/month

A

Medication overuse headache

MKSAP 20

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6
Q

Acute-onset headache, proptosis, periorbital edema, ophthalmoplegia

A

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

MKSAP 20

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7
Q

Procedure confirming normal-pressure hydrocephalus diagnosis

A

Lumbar puncture and large-volume CSF removal

MKSAP 20

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8
Q

Outpatient test for embolic stroke of undetermined source

A

Prolonged cardiac monitoring

MKSAP 20

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9
Q

Method for diagnosing NCSE

A

Continuous EEG monitoring

MKSAP 20

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10
Q

Bell palsy treatment

A

Prednisone

MKSAP 20

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11
Q

Adjuvant therapy for catamenial seizures

A

Progestin-containing oral contraceptives or acetazolamide

MKSAP 20

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12
Q

Most common/disabling symptom of mild TBI

A

Headache

MKSAP 20

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13
Q

Acute subdural hematoma surgery indications

A

Hematoma >10 mm, GCS score <9, pupillary asymmetry/fixation

MKSAP 20

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14
Q

Respiratory function monitoring in GBS

A

Serial FVC and negative inspiratory force

MKSAP 20

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15
Q

Management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis

A

Statin therapy

MKSAP 20

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16
Q

Nondrug management for ICU delirium

A

Early mobilization, family engagement, catheter removal, visual/hearing aids, calm redirection

MKSAP 20

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17
Q

Threshold migraine frequency for consideration of preventive medication

A

4 days/month

MKSAP 20

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18
Q

ALS drug treatment

A

Riluzole, edaravone, sodium phenylbutyrate–taurursodiol

MKSAP 20

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19
Q

Goal BP after stroke thrombolysis

A

<180/105 mm Hg

MKSAP 20

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20
Q

Emergent treatment of brain herniation

A

Elevation of the head of the bed, hyperventilation, mannitol, glucocorticoids

MKSAP 20

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21
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome surgery indications

A

Weakness, thenar atrophy, refractory pain, active denervation on EMG/nerve conduction studies

MKSAP 20

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22
Q

Indication for stenting in intracranial atherosclerosis for secondary stroke prevention

A

None

MKSAP 20

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23
Q

Primary progressive MS treatment

A

Ocrelizumab

MKSAP 20

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24
Q

Factors that can cause seizures in patients without epilepsy

A

Provoking factors

MKSAP 20

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25
Q

Essential tremor drug treatment

A

Propranolol, primidone, or topiramate

MKSAP 20

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26
Q

Seizures not treated with ASDs

A

Alcohol- or benzodiazepine-withdrawal seizures

MKSAP 20

ASDs refer to antiepileptic drugs.

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27
Q

Initial Parkinson disease therapy for motor symptoms

A

Levodopa

MKSAP 20

Levodopa is often combined with carbidopa to enhance its effectiveness.

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28
Q

Chorea, ataxia, psychiatric disease, parkinsonism, dementia

A

Huntington disease

MKSAP 20

Huntington disease is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene.

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29
Q

MRI findings in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

A

Parietal and occipital white matter edema, occasionally intracranial hemorrhage

MKSAP 20

This syndrome is often associated with conditions like hypertension and eclampsia.

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30
Q

Leading mechanisms of TBI in older persons

A

Falls, motor vehicle collisions, accidental blows to the head

MKSAP 20

TBI stands for traumatic brain injury.

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31
Q

Initial test to determine candidacy for epilepsy surgery

A

Video EEG monitoring

MKSAP 20

This test helps to localize the seizure focus.

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32
Q

Rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, gait problems, visual compromise

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

MKSAP 20

This disease is a type of prion disease.

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33
Q

First-line treatments for relapsing-remitting MS

A

Ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab

MKSAP 20

MS stands for multiple sclerosis.

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34
Q

Upper and lower motor neuron signs without sensory involvement

A

ALS

MKSAP 20

ALS stands for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

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35
Q

Test for suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage and normal head CT scan

A

Lumbar puncture

MKSAP 20

This test can detect xanthochromia in the cerebrospinal fluid.

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36
Q

Preventive medication for tension-type headache

A

Amitriptyline

MKSAP 20

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant.

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37
Q

Test for PNES

A

Video EEG monitoring

MKSAP 20

PNES stands for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures.

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38
Q

ASD that should be used cautiously in older patients

A

Valproate

MKSAP 20

Valproate can have significant side effects in older populations.

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39
Q

Emergent pharmacologic treatment of brain tumor–related herniation

A

Dexamethasone

MKSAP 20

Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation.

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40
Q

Medication for cognitive symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (off-label use)

MKSAP 20

Common medications include donepezil and rivastigmine.

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41
Q

Typical duration of mild TBI symptoms

A

Within 7-10 days

MKSAP 20

Mild TBI is often referred to as a concussion.

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42
Q

Migraine aura subtypes

A

Typical, brainstem, hemiplegic, retinal

MKSAP 20

Each subtype has distinct clinical features.

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43
Q

Red flags for secondary headache

A

New, different, or progressive headache; abrupt, positional, or exertional onset

MKSAP 20

These symptoms may indicate a serious underlying condition.

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44
Q

Monthly threshold for simple analgesic use for diagnosing medication overuse headache

A

≥15 days/month

MKSAP 20

This condition is also known as rebound headache.

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45
Q

Unprovoked seizure treatment indications

A

Two unprovoked seizures or one unprovoked seizure with EEG or MRI abnormalities

MKSAP 20

This is a key criterion for starting antiepileptic therapy.

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46
Q

Treatment for migraine unresponsive to NSAIDs over three episodes

A

Triptans

MKSAP 20

Triptans are a class of medications specifically designed for migraine relief.

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47
Q

Diagnostic test for periodic limb movements of sleep

A

Polysomnography

MKSAP 20

This test monitors brain waves, oxygen levels, heart rate, and breathing.

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48
Q

Subacute transient shoulder pain followed by progressive weakness

A

Idiopathic brachial plexitis

MKSAP 20

This condition is also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome.

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49
Q

Treatment of statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy

A

Immunosuppression and discontinuation of statin

MKSAP 20

This condition can lead to muscle weakness and pain.

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50
Q

Mnemonic for migraine characteristics

A

POUND (Pulsatile quality, One-day duration, Unilateral location, Nausea/vomiting, Disabling intensity)

MKSAP 20

This mnemonic helps in identifying migraine features.

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51
Q

Evaluation for restless legs syndrome

A

Ferritin, iron studies

MKSAP 20

Ferritin and iron studies help assess for iron deficiency, which can be a contributing factor in restless legs syndrome.

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52
Q

Earliest timing for withdrawing blood pressure therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)

A

After 48 hours

MKSAP 20

This timing is critical to manage blood pressure and reduce the risk of rebleeding.

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53
Q

Definition of drug-resistant epilepsy

A

Continued seizures in patients taking ≥2 ASDs

MKSAP 20

ASDs refer to antiepileptic drugs.

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54
Q

First-line drug treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension

A

Acetazolamide

MKSAP 20

Topiramate may also be used for its weight-loss benefits.

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55
Q

Sleep disorder characterized by triple-flexion leg kicks

A

Periodic limb movements of sleep

MKSAP 20

This condition often disrupts sleep and can lead to daytime sleepiness.

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56
Q

Brain pathology findings in athletes retired from contact sports

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

MKSAP 20

This condition is associated with repetitive head trauma.

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57
Q

Symptoms of POEMS syndrome

A

Peripheral neuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, skin changes

MKSAP 20

POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome.

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58
Q

Characteristics of idiopathic transverse myelitis

A

Complete myelitis, no CSF oligoclonal bands or IgG index, no brain MRI lesions

MKSAP 20

This condition often presents with acute neurological deficits.

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59
Q

Imaging modalities for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

A

Brain MRI, cranial and cervical MRA or CTA

MKSAP 20

These imaging studies help visualize vascular changes in the brain.

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60
Q

Symptoms of subacute combined degeneration from severe vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Paresthesias, reduced vibration/position sense, ataxia; spasticity/paraplegia if severe

MKSAP 20

Vitamin B12 is crucial for neurological function.

61
Q

Contraindications for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Bradycardia, hypotension

MKSAP 20

These conditions can be exacerbated by the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

62
Q

Movement disorder related to dopamine-blocking agents

A

Tardive dyskinesia

MKSAP 20

This condition is characterized by involuntary movements and can be a side effect of long-term antipsychotic use.

63
Q

Description of occipital neuralgia

A

Acute, unilateral, lancinating posterior headache with movement of cervical spine

MKSAP 20

Occipital neuralgia is often due to irritation or injury of the occipital nerves.

64
Q

Indications for surgery in asymptomatic saccular aneurysms

A

> 12 mm (anterior circulation); >7 mm (posterior circulation)

MKSAP 20

These sizes are considered thresholds for surgical intervention to prevent rupture.

65
Q

Treatment for primary cough headache and primary stabbing headache

A

Indomethacin

MKSAP 20

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug effective for these headache types.

66
Q

Clinical syndrome associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome

MKSAP 20

This syndrome includes cognitive, mood, and behavioral changes.

67
Q

Active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis treatment

A

Disease-modifying therapy, e.g., ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab

MKSAP 20

These therapies aim to slow disease progression.

68
Q

Preferred study for evaluating internal carotid artery stenosis

A

Duplex ultrasonography

MKSAP 20

This non-invasive test assesses blood flow and vessel narrowing.

69
Q

Neurologic complication of natalizumab therapy

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

MKSAP 20

This serious condition is caused by the JC virus in immunocompromised patients.

70
Q

Initial treatment of idiopathic transverse myelitis

A

IV methylprednisolone

MKSAP 20

High-dose corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation.

71
Q

Test for Miller-Fisher variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Antibodies to GQ1b ganglioside protein

MKSAP 20

This test helps confirm the diagnosis of the variant.

72
Q

Test in biopsy-inaccessible suspected primary CNS lymphoma

A

Vitreous or cerebrospinal fluid sampling

MKSAP 20

These samples can provide diagnostic information when a biopsy is not possible.

73
Q

Diagnosis suggested by seizures, mesial temporal sclerosis, and hippocampal atrophy on MRI

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

MKSAP 20

This type of epilepsy is often associated with structural brain changes.

74
Q

Screening test for backward falls in Parkinson disease

A

Pull test

MKSAP 20

This test assesses postural stability and risk of falls.

75
Q

Diagnosis indicated by language loss before cognitive dysfunction

A

Primary progressive aphasia

MKSAP 20

This condition primarily affects language abilities while sparing other cognitive functions initially.

76
Q

Typical temporal lobe epilepsy symptoms

A

Aura, loss of awareness, staring, behavioral arrest, amnesia

MKSAP 20

77
Q

Infrequent, short durations of altered awareness manifested as staring episodes

A

Focal unaware seizures

MKSAP 20

78
Q

Medications that may exacerbate myasthenia gravis

A

Aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, magnesium, β-blockers, hydroxychloroquine

MKSAP 20

79
Q

Shaking, tunnel vision, <1 min loss of consciousness, immediate recovery

A

Convulsive syncope

MKSAP 20

80
Q

MS fatigue drug treatment

A

Modafinil, armodafinil (off-label use), amantadine (off-label use), methylphenidate (off-label use)

MKSAP 20

81
Q

Autoimmune cause of chorea, psychosis, seizures, autonomic instability

A

Anti-NMDAR antibody encephalitis

MKSAP 20

82
Q

Antiplatelets for secondary prevention of noncardioembolic stroke

A

Aspirin, clopidogrel, or aspirin-dipyridamole

MKSAP 20

83
Q

Sequelae of mild TBI in military personnel

A

PTSD, depression, anxiety, insomnia, cognitive and balance disorders

MKSAP 20

84
Q

Management of unceasing CSE after IV benzodiazepine and ASD

A

Intubation; anesthetically induced coma for 24-48 h (propofol, midazolam, or pentobarbital)

MKSAP 20

85
Q

Clue for epilepsy in a patient with a new-onset seizure

A

History of staring events or myoclonus

MKSAP 20

86
Q

ASD associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, DIHS (DRESS)

A

Lamotrigine

MKSAP 20

87
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia treatment

A

Carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine

MKSAP 20

88
Q

Most common form of genetic generalized epilepsy in adults

A

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

MKSAP 20

89
Q

CSF findings that predict Alzheimer disease

A

Decreased amyloid-β peptide, increased total and phosphorylated tau

MKSAP 20

90
Q

Blood tests for slowly progressive dementia

A

CMP, CBC, vitamin B12, 25-hyhdroxyvitamin D, TSH; consider treponemal antibody test

MKSAP 20

91
Q

GBS treatment

A

Plasmapheresis or IVIG

MKSAP 20

92
Q

Woman of childbearing age with obesity, headaches, visual symptoms, pulsatile tinnitus

A

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)

MKSAP 20

93
Q

Confirmatory test for nonconvulsive status epilepticus

A

Continuous video EEG monitoring

MKSAP 20

94
Q

Initial Parkinson disease therapy for patients aged <60 years with high dyskinesia risk

A

Pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine

MKSAP 20

95
Q

Head injury, lucid interval, rapid neurologic compromise

A

Epidural hematoma

MKSAP 20

96
Q

Flaccid paralysis with preserved vibration and position sense after prolonged aortic surgery

A

Anterior spinal artery infarct

MKSAP 20

97
Q

Imaging modality of choice for TBI

A

Noncontrast head CT

MKSAP 20

98
Q

MRI findings of normal-pressure hydrocephalus

A

Enlarged sylvian fissure, compacted subarachnoid spaces, ventriculomegaly, no cortical atrophy

MKSAP 20

99
Q

Cluster headache prophylaxis options

A

Verapamil, galcanezumab

MKSAP 20

100
Q

Treatment of ischemic stroke–related symptomatic cerebral edema

A

Decompressive hemicraniectomy

MKSAP 20

101
Q

Required monitoring with fingolimod therapy

A

Ophthalmologic (macular edema) and skin (basal cell carcinoma) examinations

MKSAP 20

102
Q

Threshold stenosis for carotid endarterectomy for secondary stroke prevention

A

70%; 50-69% with high-risk features

MKSAP 20

103
Q

Safe options for headache treatment in pregnancy

A

Acetaminophen, low-dose aspirin, diphenhydramide, metoclopramide

MKSAP 20

104
Q

Initial treatment of ocular and mild generalized myasthenia

A

Pyridostigmine

MKSAP 20

105
Q

Evaluation of first unprovoked seizure

A

MRI and EEG

MKSAP 20

106
Q

MS medication for impaired mobility

A

Dalfampridine

MKSAP 20

107
Q

Objective cognitive decline without significant functional decline

A

Mild cognitive impairment

MKSAP 20

108
Q

Short-term acute therapy for cardioembolic stroke before anticoagulation

A

Aspirin

MKSAP 20

109
Q

Diabetes-related acute truncal dermatomal pain and paresthesia

A

Diabetic mononeuropathy

MKSAP 20

110
Q

Cognitive impairment that interferes with ADLs

A

Dementia

MKSAP 20

111
Q

Mild to moderate Alzheimer disease drug treatment

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine

MKSAP 20

112
Q

Diagnosis suggested by dementia, apathy, disinhibition, changes in eating behaviors, hyperorality, compulsiveness

A

Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia

MKSAP 20

113
Q

Tension-type headache treatments

A

Acetaminophen, aspirin, NSAIDs, caffeine-containing compounds

MKSAP 20

114
Q

Antibody test in myasthenia gravis with weakness of cervical extension

A

Anti–muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK)

MKSAP 20

115
Q

Slow, nonrandom, repetitive, directional twisting and posturing movements

A

Dystonia

MKSAP 20

116
Q

Preferred imaging for subacute/chronic headaches with progressive features

A

Brain MRI

MKSAP 20

117
Q

Treatment for postdural puncture headache

A

Bed rest, caffeine; epidural blood patch if refractory or severe

MKSAP 20

118
Q

Most common cause of thunderclap headache

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

MKSAP 20

119
Q

Diagnostic evaluation following central or branch retinal artery occlusion

A

Urgent evaluation for carotid artery stenosis and cardioembolic disease

MKSAP 20

120
Q

Action and rest tremor, dystonia, a null point

A

Dystonic tremor

MKSAP 20

121
Q

Preferred ASD in persons with potential for pregnancy

A

Levetiracetam, lamotrigine, or oxcarbazepine

MKSAP 20

122
Q

Cognitive impairment and personality changes after repetitive head trauma

A

Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome

MKSAP 20

123
Q

Acute neck pain, eye pain, partial Horner syndrome, ipsilateral cerebral ischemia

A

Carotid artery dissection

MKSAP 20

124
Q

CSE therapy for a fosphenytoin-intolerant patient

A

IV benzodiazepine, then IV levetiracetam or valproate

MKSAP 20

125
Q

Typical duration of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure

A

1-3 minutes

MKSAP 20

126
Q

What condition is characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia, and falls?

A

Multiple system atrophy

MKSAP 20

127
Q

What is the treatment for metastatic spinal cord compression?

A

High-dose glucocorticoids, decompressive surgery and/or radiation therapy

MKSAP 20

128
Q

What effect do first-generation neuroleptics have in dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

Worsening of symptoms resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome

MKSAP 20

129
Q

What are the best treatments for epilepsy in older patients?

A

Gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam

MKSAP 20

130
Q

What adverse events are associated with dopamine agonists?

A

Psychosis, impulse control disorder, sleep attacks, confusion

MKSAP 20

131
Q

What are the indications for meningioma resection?

A

Neurologic deficits, drug-resistant seizures, severe headaches, peritumoral edema

MKSAP 20

132
Q

What is the standard treatment for MS relapse?

A

High-dose glucocorticoids

MKSAP 20

133
Q

What symptoms are associated with McArdle disease and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency?

A

Exercise-induced weakness, cramping, myoglobinuria

MKSAP 20

134
Q

What is involved in the expedited evaluation for TIA?

A

ICA imaging and monitoring for atrial fibrillation

MKSAP 20

135
Q

Which ASDs have mood-stabilizing effects?

A

Lamotrigine, valproate

MKSAP 20

136
Q

What is the black-box warning of antipsychotics in patients with dementia?

A

Increased morbidity and mortality

MKSAP 20

137
Q

What condition is indicated by new-onset status epilepticus and subacute progressive confusion?

A

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis

MKSAP 20

138
Q

What genetic test is used for familial amyloidosis?

A

Transthyretin (TTR) genetic testing

MKSAP 20

139
Q

What test is recommended for suspected spinal cord compression?

A

Emergent MRI

MKSAP 20

140
Q

Which ASD is associated with anovulation and PCOS?

A

Valproate

MKSAP 20

141
Q

What is the definition of a thunderclap headache?

A

Abrupt-onset, severe headache reaching maximum intensity within 1 minute

MKSAP 20

142
Q

What are potential physical exam findings in subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Confusion, somnolence, nuchal rigidity, unilateral pupillary dilation, subhyaloid hemorrhages on funduscopy

MKSAP 20

143
Q

What is the drug treatment for subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Nimodipine

MKSAP 20

144
Q

What is the treatment for vascular dementia?

A

Cerebrovascular risk factor modification, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and/or NMDA antagonists

MKSAP 20

145
Q

What are the drug therapies for Tourette syndrome?

A

Aripiprazole, clonidine, guanfacine, topiramate, levetiracetam, tetrabenazine

MKSAP 20

146
Q

What are the signs of basilar skull fracture?

A

Periorbital or mastoid bruising, hemotympanum

MKSAP 20

147
Q

What is the initial treatment of CSE?

A

IV benzodiazepine or IM midazolam, then IV fosphenytoin

MKSAP 20

148
Q

What is the treatment for VTE in CNS malignancy?

A

Therapeutic low-molecular-weight heparin

MKSAP 20

Fosforilados (16 decks)

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