Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Conditions warranting empiric antibiotics in vertebral osteomyelitis

A

Severe sepsis, progressive neurologic deficit, spinal instability, epidural abscess

MKSAP 20

These conditions indicate a potentially serious infection requiring immediate antibiotic treatment.

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2
Q

Most common cause of recurrent viral meningitis

A

HSV-2

MKSAP 20

Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 is frequently associated with recurrent episodes of viral meningitis.

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3
Q

Intra-erythrocyte ring or tetrad inclusions

A

Babesia infection

MKSAP 20

Babesia is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells and can cause malaria-like symptoms.

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4
Q

Treatment for spinal epidural abscess with neurologic symptoms

A

Drainage and antibiotics

MKSAP 20

Immediate intervention is crucial to prevent permanent neurological damage.

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5
Q

Antibiotic treatment of early localized Lyme disease

A

Doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil

MKSAP 20

These antibiotics are effective for early-stage Lyme disease treatment.

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6
Q

Testing beyond urinalysis for women with uncomplicated UTI

A

None

MKSAP 20

Urinalysis is typically sufficient for diagnosing uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

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7
Q

Preferred test to assess for TB infection in patients with previous BCG vaccination

A

IGRA

MKSAP 20

Interferon-gamma release assays are more reliable in BCG-vaccinated individuals.

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8
Q

GI infection that can mimic appendicitis

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

MKSAP 20

This bacterium can cause abdominal pain and symptoms similar to appendicitis.

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9
Q

Treatment of esophageal candidiasis

A

Oral fluconazole

MKSAP 20

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat candidiasis in the esophagus.

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10
Q

Initial treatment of M. tuberculosis infection

A

INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

MKSAP 20

This combination therapy is the standard initial treatment regimen for tuberculosis.

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11
Q

Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

Management of the underlying immunocompromised state

MKSAP 20

Addressing the immunocompromised condition is critical for managing this viral infection.

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12
Q

Recommended therapy for MSSA endocarditis

A

Nafcillin, oxacillin, or cefazolin

MKSAP 20

These antibiotics are effective against Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).

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13
Q

Management of prosthetic joint infection

A

Two-stage procedure with device removal and antibiotic course followed by new device implantation

MKSAP 20

This approach helps ensure complete eradication of infection.

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14
Q

Treatment for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

A

Penicillin and clindamycin

MKSAP 20

This combination targets the bacteria and reduces toxin production.

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15
Q

Treatment for MSSA bacteremia

A

Penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillin or first-generation cephalosporin

MKSAP 20

These antibiotics are chosen for their efficacy against MSSA.

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16
Q

Treatment for outpatient CAP in otherwise healthy patients

A

Amoxicillin, doxycycline, or a macrolide (if regional pneumococcal resistance <25%)

MKSAP 20

These antibiotics are recommended for community-acquired pneumonia in healthy individuals.

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17
Q

Characteristics of varicella rash

A

Centripetal distribution of macules, papules, vesicles at various stages of development

MKSAP 20

The varicella (chickenpox) rash has a distinctive progression and distribution.

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18
Q

Therapeutic drug class for invasive candidiasis without CNS or eye involvement

A

Echinocandins

MKSAP 20

This class of antifungals is preferred for treating serious candidiasis infections.

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19
Q

Best imaging test for evaluation of possible vertebral osteomyelitis

A

MRI with and without contrast

MKSAP 20

MRI is the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting vertebral infections.

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20
Q

Management for uncomplicated coagulase-negative Staphylococcus CLABSI

A

Remove catheter and repeat blood cultures

MKSAP 20

This approach is essential for diagnosing and treating central line-associated bloodstream infections.

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21
Q

Meningitis, cranial neuropathies, mental status changes, SIADH

A

TB meningitis

MKSAP 20

These symptoms are indicative of tuberculosis infection affecting the central nervous system.

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22
Q

Treatment of anaplasmosis

A

Doxycycline

MKSAP 20

Doxycycline is the first-line treatment for infections caused by Anaplasma species.

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23
Q

Prophylaxis for CMV infection

A

Valganciclovir

MKSAP 20

This antiviral medication is used for preventing cytomegalovirus infections, especially in immunocompromised patients.

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24
Q

Neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease

A

Meningitis, facial palsy, radiculopathy

MKSAP 20

Lyme disease can lead to various neurological complications if untreated.

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25
Initial treatment for disseminated histoplasmosis
Liposomal amphotericin B | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote This antifungal is used for severe cases of histoplasmosis to control the infection.
26
Treatment for enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Supportive care | MKSAP 20
27
Test to determine cause of osteomyelitis in diabetic foot infection
Bone biopsy | MKSAP 20
28
Vaccination assessment following animal bite
Rabies and tetanus | MKSAP 20
29
Indications for travelers' diarrhea prophylaxis
IBD or immunocompromise | MKSAP 20
30
Treatment of asymptomatic catheter-associated bacteriuria
None | MKSAP 20
31
Positive antigen/antibody but negative differentiation immunoassay and HIV RNA
False-positive HIV test | MKSAP 20
32
Diagnostic test for early Zika virus infection
Reverse transcriptase PCR on serum and urine | MKSAP 20
33
Timeframe to begin prophylactic antibiotics for Lyme disease
Within 72 hours if tick attached ≥36 hours | MKSAP 20
34
Intravenous antibiotic treatment for severe cat bite
Piperacillin-tazobactam, ampicillin-sulbactam, imipenem, or meropenem | MKSAP 20
35
Elective surgeries requiring preop nasal screening for S. aureus
Cardiothoracic and orthopedic | MKSAP 20
36
Infection control for hospitalized TB patients
Airborne isolation | MKSAP 20
37
Lab testing for genital warts
None | MKSAP 20
38
Treatment for purulent skin infection with systemic signs of infection
Incision and drainage, then trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline | MKSAP 20
39
Causes of epididymitis in younger sexually active men
Gonorrhea and chlamydia | MKSAP 20
40
“Unmasking” of a previous infection after initiating HIV treatment
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome | MKSAP 20
41
Treatment for mild babesiosis
Atovaquone plus azithromycin | MKSAP 20
42
CD4 count associated with increased risk for pneumocystis pneumonia
<200/µL | MKSAP 20
43
Mosquito-borne febrile disease with severe muscle pain
Dengue fever | MKSAP 20
44
Pneumococcal vaccination in unvaccinated patients with HIV
20-valent PCV alone or 15-valent PCV followed by 23-valent PPSV | MKSAP 20
45
Most common causes of chronic meningitis
TB and fungi | MKSAP 20
46
Manifestations of Lyme carditis
AV nodal block | MKSAP 20
47
Treatment of symptomatic cyclospora infection
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | MKSAP 20
48
Prophylactic treatment for smallpox exposure
Vaccinia immunization | MKSAP 20
49
Recommended CD4 count to initiate ART for HIV infection
Any CD4 count | MKSAP 20
50
Most significant risk factor for C. difficile colitis
Antibiotic therapy | MKSAP 20
51
Induction therapy for cryptococcal meningitis
Lipid formulation of amphotericin B plus flucytosine | MKSAP 20
52
Symptoms associated with leptospirosis after freshwater exposure contaminated with rodent urine
Meningitis, uveitis, rash, red conjunctivae, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly | MKSAP 20
53
CDC criteria for pulmonary TB that is no longer contagious
Treated for 2 weeks, clinical improvement, 3 negative sputum smears collected 8 hours apart | MKSAP 20
54
Recommended treatment for uncomplicated urogenital gonococcal infection if chlamydia infection ruled out
Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM once | MKSAP 20
55
Test for possible tuberculous monoarthritis with unrevealing synovial fluid analysis
Synovial biopsy | MKSAP 20
56
Treatment of uncomplicated brucellosis
Extended doxycycline plus rifampin or gentamicin | MKSAP 20
57
Chlamydia screening and diagnostic test in men
Urine NAAT | MKSAP 20
58
Fungal infection of cutaneous and lymphocutaneous tissue associated with plant exposure
Sporotrichosis | MKSAP 20
59
Test of sputum following positive AFB smear
NAAT | MKSAP 20
60
Medications that are associated with aseptic meningitis
NSAIDs, antimicrobial agents, intravenous immune globulin | MKSAP 20
61
Gonorrhea screening and diagnostic test in women
Genital swab NAAT | MKSAP 20
62
Major risk factors for invasive aspergillosis
Neutropenia, HSCT, solid organ transplant, hematologic malignancy | MKSAP 20
63
Adjunctive therapy for severe CAP in the ICU
Glucocorticoids | MKSAP 20
64
PrEP for HIV
Tenofovir plus emtricitabine or cabotegravir alone | MKSAP 20
65
Lyme disease testing for patient with erythema migrans and tick exposure
None | MKSAP 20
66
Symptoms of infection after salt water exposure leading to cellulitis with hemorrhage bullae
Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection | MKSAP 20
67
Characteristic chest radiograph finding of inhalational anthrax
Widened mediastinum | MKSAP 20
68
Treatment for MRSA toxic shock syndrome
Vancomycin plus clindamycin | MKSAP 20
69
Cause of hemorrhagic colitis after consuming contaminated beef
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli | MKSAP 20
70
Risk factors for nongonococcal gram-negative joint infections
Injection drug use, advanced age, traumatic wounds, immunocompromised state | MKSAP 20
71
Mycobacterium species associated with hospital-acquired prosthetic valve endocarditis
Mycobacterium chimaera | MKSAP 20
72
HIV postexposure treatment
Tenofovir, plus either emtricitabine or lamivudine, plus either dolutegravir or bictegravir (three-drug regimen) | MKSAP 20
73
Treatment for group A Streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis
Surgical debridement, penicillin and clindamycin | MKSAP 20
74
Empiric treatment for TB meningitis
4-drug anti-TB regimen of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol plus dexamethasone | MKSAP 20
75
Pyelonephritis indications for imaging
Fever lasting >72 hours, persistent bacteremia | MKSAP 20
76
Treatment duration for uncomplicated CAP with rapid clinical improvement
5 days | MKSAP 20
77
Preferred HIV ART regimen for most patients
Three-drug regimen from two different classes, preferably including an integrase inhibitor | MKSAP 20
78
Sensitive assay for acute and disseminated histoplasmosis
Histoplasma urinary antigen | MKSAP 20
79
Positive tuberculin skin test in patient with no TB risk factors
≥15 mm | MKSAP 20
80
Ground-glass attenuation surrounding nodule on lung CT
“Halo sign” associated with invasive aspergillosis | MKSAP 20
81
Initial management of CAUTI
Remove catheter and obtain new urinalysis and urine culture | MKSAP 20
82
Treatment for severe C. difficile colitis
Oral fidaxomicin (preferred) or oral vancomycin | MKSAP 20
83
Painless violaceous skin nodules in AIDS patient
Kaposi sarcoma | MKSAP 20
84
Diagnostic test for suspected genital herpes simplex infection
NAAT | MKSAP 20
85
Causes of CAP with exposure to pregnant animals
Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever), Brucella species | MKSAP 20
86
Indications for asymptomatic bacteriuria screening
Pregnancy or planned invasive urologic procedure with mucosal bleeding | MKSAP 20
87
Empiric antibiotics for bacterial meningitis, age >50 years
Ampicillin plus ceftriaxone plus vancomycin | MKSAP 20
88
Cause of PTLD
EBV infection | MKSAP 20
89
Empiric antibiotic therapy for health care–associated meningitis
Vancomycin plus either cefepime, ceftazidime, or meropenem | MKSAP 20
90
Preferred antibiotic therapy for MRSA bacteremia
Vancomycin or daptomycin | MKSAP 20
91
Treatment duration for VAP
≤7 days | MKSAP 20
92
Initial imaging for all new diabetic foot infections
Plain radiography | MKSAP 20
93
First-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis
Voriconazole | MKSAP 20
94
Impact of continuing SSI prophylactic antibiotics postoperatively
None | MKSAP 20
95
Painful ear canal vesicles and Bell palsy
Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt) | MKSAP 20
96
Management of ART during pregnancy
Continue ART | MKSAP 20
97
Most common cause of febrile illness in returning travelers
Malaria | MKSAP 20
98
Postexposure treatment for bioterrorism-related anthrax
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or doxycycline plus vaccination | MKSAP 20
99
Initial treatment of primary genital herpes simplex infection
Acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir | MKSAP 20
100
Antibiotic therapy for ampicillin-sensitive enterococcal endocarditis
Ampicillin plus gentamicin or ampicillin plus ceftriaxone | MKSAP 20
101
Hepatitis A prophylaxis given within 1-2 weeks of travel
Single-dose hepatitis A vaccine | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Recommended for travelers to endemic areas.
102
Prevention of fungal infection after HSCT
Posaconazole | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Used to prevent invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients.
103
The “4 Ds” of botulism
Diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia, dysphagia | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Key clinical features of botulism.
104
Specialized viral testing after HIV diagnosis
Genotype viral resistance | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Important for determining appropriate antiretroviral therapy.
105
Most common agent causing prosthetic joint infection
Staphylococci | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Particularly Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
106
Clinical syndromes of coccidioidomycosis
Acute or chronic pulmonary infection, cutaneous infection, meningitis, osteoarticular infection | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Caused by Coccidioides species.
107
High-risk features for invasive Salmonella infection
Age ≥50 years with significant joint disease or valvular, endovascular, or cardiac disease; immunocompromise; age ≥65 years | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote These factors increase susceptibility to severe infections.
108
Malaria infections associated with potentially high levels of parasitemia
P. falciparum and P. knowlesi | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Both can cause severe malaria and high parasite loads.
109
Treatment of severe travelers' diarrhea in SE Asia
Azithromycin | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Recommended for bacterial causes of diarrhea.
110
Duration of IV acyclovir therapy for HSV encephalitis
14-21 days | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Essential for effective treatment of this serious condition.
111
Major complication of Zika virus infection in women
Fetal malformation | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Associated with congenital Zika syndrome.
112
Common source of Campylobacter infection
Undercooked poultry | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote A leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.
113
Recommended diagnostic studies for causative organism in outpatients with CAP
None | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Clinical diagnosis is often sufficient in outpatients.
114
Positive tuberculin skin test in HIV-positive patient
≥5 mm | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Indicates significant exposure or infection risk.
115
GI illness from reptiles and amphibians
Nontyphoidal salmonella | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Commonly transmitted through contact with reptiles.
116
Risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer–related osteomyelitis
Exposed bone, diameter >2 cm, nonhealing | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Indicators of possible osteomyelitis in diabetic patients.
117
CD4 count associated with increased risk for MAC infection
<50/µL | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Mycobacterium avium complex infections are a concern in advanced HIV.
118
Most cost-effective, specific initial imaging test for osteomyelitis if symptoms present for at least 14 days
Plain radiography | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote First-line imaging modality for suspected osteomyelitis.
119
CSF WBC >1000/µL, neutrophil predominance, glucose <40 mg/dL, protein 100-500 mg/dL
Bacterial meningitis | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Classic findings in the cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
120
Management of infected human bites to the hand
Antibiotics plus surgical evaluation | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Essential to prevent complications from bite wounds.
121
Neuraminidase inhibitor treatments for influenza
Oseltamivir (oral), zanamivir (inhaled), peramivir (IV) | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Effective antiviral options for treating influenza.
122
Noninfectious encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma in young women
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote A serious autoimmune condition.
123
Foundation of infection prevention
Hand hygiene | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Critical in reducing transmission of infections.
124
# MKSAP 20 Treatment of bacterial joint infection
Antimicrobial therapy and joint drainage | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Necessary for effective management of joint infections.
125
Antibiotics for osteomyelitis and retained orthopedic hardware
An antistaphylococcal agent to which the organism is sensitive, plus rifampin (if sensitive) | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Important for treating infections associated with orthopedic implants.
126
Antibiotic treatment for mild nonpurulent cellulitis
Clindamycin, penicillin, cephalexin, dicloxacillin | MKSAP 20
127
Indications to stop pneumocystis prophylaxis in HIV-treated patients
CD4 count ≥200/µL for ≥3 months | MKSAP 20
128
Diagnostic testing for SSI
Culture of drainage, purulent fluid, or infected tissue | MKSAP 20
129
Management of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis
Extensive surgical debridement and early antifungal therapy | MKSAP 20
130
Positive HIV antigen/antibody, negative differentiation immunoassay, positive RNA NAAT indicates
Acute HIV infection | MKSAP 20
131
Painless, indurated genital ulcer is characteristic of
Chancre of primary syphilis | MKSAP 20
132
Cause of swimming pool–related diarrhea
Cryptosporidium | MKSAP 20
133
Most common manifestation of secondary syphilis
Rash with involvement of palms and soles | MKSAP 20
134
Posttransplant fever in the middle to late posttransplant period, lymphadenopathy, extranodal mass indicates
PTLD | MKSAP 20
135
Synovial fluid leukocyte count in infectious arthritis is
>50,000/µL | MKSAP 20
136
# MKSAP 20 Recommended oral antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated pyelonephritis is
7 days ciprofloxacin or 5 days levofloxacin | MKSAP 20
137
Daptomycin outpatient therapy monitoring includes
Weekly creatinine and creatine kinase | MKSAP 20
138
Initial treatment of symptomatic amebiasis
Metronidazole or tinidazole | MKSAP 20
139
Prophylactic antibiotic indications in women with recurrent UTI are
≥3 UTIs in 12 months or ≥2 in 6 months | MKSAP 20
140
Gram-negative coccobacilli with “safety pin” shape is
Yersinia pestis | MKSAP 20
141
Musculoskeletal side effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics is
Tendinitis and tendon rupture | MKSAP 20
142
Most common organism causing vertebral osteomyelitis is
S. aureus | MKSAP 20
143
Common organ-specific manifestations of CMV infection include
* Pneumonia * Encephalitis * Esophagitis * Colitis | MKSAP 20
144
Treatment duration for uncomplicated non-S. aureus CLABSI is
7-14 days | MKSAP 20
145
HME peripheral blood smear finding is
Morulae | MKSAP 20
146
Hallmark finding in Rocky Mountain spotted fever is
Delayed macular rash around ankles and wrists followed by central spread, progressing to petechiae or purpura | MKSAP 20
147
Management of ART during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is to
Continue ART | MKSAP 20
148
Evaluation of watery diarrhea of <3 days' duration in healthy patients results in
None | MKSAP 20
149
ICU CAP treatment includes
3rd-generation cephalosporin or ampicillin-sulbactam plus a macrolide or respiratory fluoroquinolone | MKSAP 20
150
Daily protocol to prevent CLABSI includes
Assessment of ongoing need for central line | MKSAP 20
151
Strategy to determine need for CMV treatment after HSCT
NAAT monitoring for CMV viremia | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote NAAT stands for nucleic acid amplification testing, which is used for detecting viral infections.
152
Osteomyelitis imaging after negative radiography
MRI with and without contrast | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote MRI is preferred for better visualization of bone and soft tissue involvement.
153
Treatment of uncomplicated Salmonella infection in patients aged <50 years
Supportive care | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Antibiotics are generally not recommended for uncomplicated cases.
154
Treatment for MSSA toxic shock syndrome
Nafcillin or cefazolin combined with clindamycin | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Clindamycin is used for its ability to inhibit toxin production.
155
Symptoms of disseminated gonococcal infection
Tenosynovitis, migratory polyarthralgia, and vesiculopustular rash | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote These symptoms may indicate a systemic spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
156
Chronic skin infection after contact with fish tanks, fish, shellfish
Mycobacterium marinum | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote This bacterium is associated with aquatic environments and can cause skin infections.
157
Most common reason for blood culture–negative endocarditis
Pre-culture antibiotic administration | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Antibiotics can inhibit bacterial growth, leading to negative cultures.
158
Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for a complicated dog bite
Amoxicillin-clavulanate | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote This antibiotic combination covers both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria commonly found in dog bites.
159
Risk factors for vertebral osteomyelitis
Older age, immunocompromise, indwelling catheters, hemodialysis, injection drug use, previous spinal surgery, degenerative disease | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote These factors increase susceptibility to infections of the spine.
160
CSF test highly sensitive for cryptococcal meningitis
Cryptococcal antigen | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote This test detects the presence of cryptococcal polysaccharide in cerebrospinal fluid.
161
CD4 count associated with increased risk for toxoplasmosis
<100/µL | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote A low CD4 count indicates a weakened immune system, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
162
Treatment for symptomatic giardiasis
Metronidazole, tinidazole, or nitazoxanide | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote These medications are effective against Giardia lamblia.
163
Adjunctive bacterial meningitis treatment
Dexamethasone | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Dexamethasone is used to reduce inflammation and complications associated with bacterial meningitis.
164
Diagnostic test for VZV encephalitis without vasculopathy
CSF PCR | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing can detect varicella-zoster virus in the cerebrospinal fluid.
165
Neisseria serogroup not covered by the quadrivalent conjugate meningococcal vaccine
Serogroup B | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote The quadrivalent vaccine covers serogroups A, C, W, and Y but not B.
166
Treatment for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis
Fluconazole | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote Fluconazole is an antifungal medication effective against Coccidioides species.
167
Symptoms of typhoid fever
Fever, relative bradycardia, abdominal pain, 'rose spot' rash | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote These are classical signs of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi.
168
Rapid sensitive and specific test for C. difficile colitis
NAAT for C. difficile toxin genes | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote NAAT is used for its high sensitivity in detecting C. difficile infections.
169
Treatment of fulminant C. difficile colitis
Oral vancomycin, IV metronidazole; vancomycin enema if ileus is present | MKSAP 20 ## Footnote This treatment approach addresses severe cases of C. difficile colitis.