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Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic tests for IgA vasculitis

A

Kidney or skin biopsy

MKSAP 20

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2
Q

Hallmark urinalysis findings in the nephritic syndrome

A

Dysmorphic erythrocytes, erythrocyte casts

MKSAP 20

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3
Q

Initial manifestation of DKD

A

Albuminuria

MKSAP 20

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4
Q

Diagnosis for anion gap acidosis and Δ-Δ ratio >2

A

Concurrent metabolic alkalosis

MKSAP 20

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5
Q

Immune complex–mediated glomerulonephritis with normal complement levels

A

IgA nephropathy

MKSAP 20

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6
Q

Treatment of acute symptomatic hyponatremia

A

100 mL of 3% saline

MKSAP 20

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7
Q

Implication of glucosuria with no hyperglycemia

A

Proximal tubular dysfunction

MKSAP 20

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8
Q

Urine sediment in ATN

A

Pigmented granular or muddy brown casts and tubular epithelial cells and casts

MKSAP 20

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9
Q

Elements of the nephrotic syndrome

A

Proteinuria >3500 mg/d, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema

MKSAP 20

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10
Q

Diagnostic imaging for nephrolithiasis

A

Noncontrast helical CT

MKSAP 20

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11
Q

Compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

Pco2 = (1.5) [HCO3] + 8 ± 2

MKSAP 20

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12
Q

Recurrent gross hematuria coexistent with URI

A

IgA nephropathy

MKSAP 20

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13
Q

BP normal in doctor’s office, elevated otherwise

A

Masked hypertension

MKSAP 20

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14
Q

Imaging test for suspected nephrolithiasis in patients with negative ultrasound

A

Noncontrast helical CT

MKSAP 20

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15
Q

Decreased kidney function and diuretic-resistant HF

A

Cardiorenal syndrome

MKSAP 20

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16
Q

PPI-related kidney disease

A

Tubulointerstitial nephritis

MKSAP 20

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17
Q

Isovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia and urine osmolality <100 mOsm/kg H2O

A

Psychogenic polydipsia or poor solute intake

MKSAP 20

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18
Q

Acceptable hypertension drugs during pregnancy

A

Methyldopa, nifedipine, labetalol

MKSAP 20

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19
Q

Serum anion gap calculation

A

Serum Sodium – (Serum Chloride + Serum Bicarbonate)

MKSAP 20

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20
Q

When to initiate screening for DKD in T2DM

A

Upon diagnosis

MKSAP 20

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21
Q

Postrenal AKI imaging tests

A

Ultrasonography or noncontrast CT

MKSAP 20

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22
Q

Medication for DKD and eGFR ≥20 to reduce kidney disease progression

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

MKSAP 20

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23
Q

Recommended screening test for DKD

A

Urine albumin-creatinine ratio

MKSAP 20

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24
Q

Most common cause of hypertonic hyponatremia

A

Hyperglycemia

MKSAP 20

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25
Q

Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy

A

IV isotonic saline; minimize contrast exposure

MKSAP 20

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26
Q

Urine pH associated with struvite stones

A

> 7.5

MKSAP 20

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27
Q

Acid-base disorder associated with elevated PCO2

A

Respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis

MKSAP 20

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28
Q

Diagnosis characterized by ESLD with portal hypertension, oliguric kidney failure, bland urine, low urine sodium

A

Hepatorenal syndrome

MKSAP 20

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29
Q

Pregnancy >20 weeks’ gestation, hypertension, proteinuria

A

Preeclampsia

MKSAP 20

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30
Q

Drug therapy for lithium-induced arginine vasopressin resistance

A

Amiloride

MKSAP 20

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31
Q

eGFR threshold for kidney transplant evaluation

A

20-29 mL/min/1.73 m2

MKSAP 20

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32
Q

Δ-Δ ratio calculation

A

(Anion Gap − 12)/(25 – Bicarbonate)

MKSAP 20

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33
Q

Medication for persistent albuminuria despite maximum RAS inhibition in DKD

A

Finerenone

MKSAP 20

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34
Q

Diagnostic test for masked hypertension

A

Ambulatory or home BP monitoring

MKSAP 20

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35
Q

Initial screening for ADPKD

A

Ultrasonography

MKSAP 20

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36
Q

Initial screening test for primary aldosteronism

A

PAC/PRA

MKSAP 20

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37
Q

Acute kidney injury, elevated serum CK; hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia

A

Rhabdomyolysis

MKSAP 20

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38
Q

Causes of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis with high osmolal gap

A

Methanol, ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol

MKSAP 20

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39
Q

Hypertension management for DKD

A

ACE inhibitor or ARB

MKSAP 20

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40
Q

ADPKD-associated intracranial manifestation

A

Aneurysms

MKSAP 20

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41
Q

Recommended equation to estimate GFR for most persons

A

2021 CKD-EPI creatinine equation

MKSAP 20

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42
Q

Serum osmolality calculation

A

2 × Na+ + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 + Ethanol/4.6 (if present)

MKSAP 20

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43
Q

Urine sediment with dysmorphic erythrocytes

A

Glomerular bleeding or glomerulonephritis

MKSAP 20

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44
Q

Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis and short-bowel syndrome

A

D-lactic acidosis

MKSAP 20

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45
Q

Urinalysis clues for glomerular hematuria

A

Dysmorphic erythrocytes, erythrocyte casts, proteinuria

MKSAP 20

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46
Q

Nephropathy associated with highest risk of thrombosis

A

Membranous nephropathy

MKSAP 20

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47
Q

Most common causes of AKI in hospitalized patients

A

Prerenal AKI and ATN

MKSAP 20

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48
Q

Distinguishing arginine vasopressin deficiency from arginine vasopressin resistance

A

Response to desmopressin

MKSAP 20

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49
Q

Leading cause of death in patients with CKD

A

Cardiovascular disease

MKSAP 20

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50
Q

Medication to prevent preeclampsia in pregnant patients at high risk

A

Aspirin starting after 12 weeks of gestation

MKSAP 20

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51
Q

Type 2 (proximal) RTA treatment

A

Bicarbonate ± thiazide diuretic

MKSAP 20

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52
Q

Indication for immunosuppression for primary membranous nephropathy

A

Persistent nephrotic-range proteinuria after 6-12 months

MKSAP 20

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53
Q

Acute respiratory alkalosis compensation

A

2 mEq ↓ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↓ Pco2

MKSAP 20

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54
Q

Treatment for minimal change glomerulopathy

A

Glucocorticoids

MKSAP 20

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55
Q

Kidney deposition disease characterized by Congo red staining on biopsy

A

Renal amyloidosis

MKSAP 20

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56
Q

Rate of correction for chronic isovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

A

4-6 mEq/L in 24 h

MKSAP 20

57
Q

Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) RTA treatment

A

Potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate

MKSAP 20

58
Q

Immediate treatment of severe hyperkalemia

A

IV calcium gluconate and insulin (with or without glucose)

MKSAP 20

59
Q

eGFR threshold to begin loop diuretic for BP control

A

<20-30 mL/min/1.73 m2

MKSAP 20

60
Q

Pathology findings in RPGN

A

Extensive glomerular crescents

MKSAP 20

61
Q

First-line treatment of high BP in euvolemic CKD

A

ACE inhibitor or ARB

MKSAP 20

62
Q

ECG sine wave pattern

A

Severe hyperkalemia

MKSAP 20

63
Q

Treatment of alcoholic ketoacidosis

A

Thiamine followed by 5% dextrose in saline

MKSAP 20

64
Q

BP high in doctor’s office, normal otherwise

A

White coat hypertension

MKSAP 20

65
Q

CKD indication for bicarbonate therapy

A

Bicarbonate <18 mEq/L

MKSAP 20

66
Q

Diagnosis for normal anion gap metabolic acidosis with positive urine anion gap

A

Distal RTA

MKSAP 20

67
Q

Benign hereditary glomerular disease, hematuria, minimal proteinuria

A

Thin basement membrane disease

MKSAP 20

68
Q

Painful, necrotic skin lesions; small vessel calcification; ESKD

A

Calciphylaxis

MKSAP 20

69
Q

Acceptable increase in serum creatinine when taking an ACE inhibitor

A

Up to 30%

MKSAP 20

70
Q

Presence of pigmented or granular or muddy brown casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis

MKSAP 20

71
Q

Common medications that decrease creatinine secretion

A

Cimetidine, trimethoprim

MKSAP 20

72
Q

Metabolic alkalosis, normal volume status, urine chloride >15 mEq/L

A

Diuretic use, Bartter and Gitelman syndromes

MKSAP 20

73
Q

Initial treatment of white coat hypertension

A

Lifestyle modification

MKSAP 20

74
Q

First-line treatment of IgA nephropathy

A

ACE inhibitor or ARB

MKSAP 20

75
Q

Diagnosis that includes criteria for MGUS plus renal insufficiency

A

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance

MKSAP 20

76
Q

Goal BP for most adult patients

A

<130/80 mm Hg

MKSAP 20

77
Q

Urinalysis finding in ethylene glycol toxicity

A

Calcium oxalate crystals

MKSAP 20

78
Q

First-line treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

A

Medical management

MKSAP 20

79
Q

Dipstick results predictive of UTI

A

Positive leukocyte esterase and nitrates

MKSAP 20

80
Q

Skin findings of AKI-related atheroemboli

A

Livedo reticularis, blue toes, ulcerations

MKSAP 20

81
Q

ECG findings in hypokalemia

A

ST-segment depression, decreased T-wave amplitude, increased U-wave amplitude

MKSAP 20

82
Q

Most common cause of RPGN in older adults

A

ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis

MKSAP 20

83
Q

Hemoglobin threshold for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in CKD

A

<10 g/dL

MKSAP 20

84
Q

Diagnosis for anion gap acidosis and Δ-Δ ratio <0.5-1

A

Concurrent metabolic acidosis

MKSAP 20

85
Q

Flank pain, hematuria, and elevated LDH

A

Acute renal infarction

MKSAP 20

86
Q

Hypertension after 20 weeks of pregnancy without organ damage

A

Gestational hypertension

MKSAP 20

87
Q

Standard treatment of the nephrotic syndrome

A

ACE inhibitor or ARB, diuretics, statin

MKSAP 20

88
Q

Genetic markers for ADPKD

A

PKD1 and PKD2 genes

MKSAP 20

89
Q

Confirmatory test for abdominal compartment syndrome

A

Intra-abdominal pressure measurement

MKSAP 20

90
Q

Compensation for metabolic alkalosis

A

1 mEq ↑ HCO3 results in 0.7 mm Hg ↑ Pco2

MKSAP 20

91
Q

Chronic respiratory acidosis compensation

A

3.5 mEq ↑ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↑ Pco2

MKSAP 20

92
Q

Initial treatment for primary FSGS with nephrotic-range proteinuria

A

Glucocorticoids

MKSAP 20

93
Q

Definitive treatment for preeclampsia

A

Delivery

MKSAP 20

94
Q

Acute respiratory acidosis compensation

A

1 mEq ↑ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↑ Pco2

MKSAP 20

95
Q

Preferred thiazide to treat hypertension

A

Chlorthalidone

MKSAP 20

96
Q

Antihypertensive drugs contraindicated in pregnancy

A

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, direct renin inhibitors

MKSAP 20

97
Q

Early ECG signs of hyperkalemia

A

Peaked T waves and shortened QT interval

MKSAP 20

98
Q

Prerenal AKI FENa

A

<1%

MKSAP 20

99
Q

Initial treatment of rhabdomyolysis

A

IV normal saline

MKSAP 20

100
Q

Treatment of severe hypermagnesemia

A

IV saline and calcium

MKSAP 20

101
Q

Infection most commonly associated with cryoglobulinemia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Hepatitis C

MKSAP 20

102
Q

Preferred therapy for ESKD that increases duration and quality of life and decreases costs

A

Kidney transplantation

MKSAP 20

103
Q

BP threshold to begin treatment in pregnant patients with chronic HTN

A

SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg

MKSAP 20

104
Q

Urinalysis clue for urinary tract malignancy

A

Nonglomerular hematuria

MKSAP 20

105
Q

Treatment of hypertension with DM and albuminuria

A

ACE inhibitor or ARB

MKSAP 20

106
Q

Common presentation of anti-GBM antibody disease

A

RPGN plus pulmonary hemorrhage

MKSAP 20

107
Q

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, positive urine anion gap, urine pH > 5.5, hypokalemia

A

Type 1 (hypokalemic distal) RTA

MKSAP 20

108
Q

Preferred marker of glomerular filtration when creatinine is likely inaccurate

A

Cystatin C

MKSAP 20

109
Q

Diagnostic test for white coat hypertension

A

Ambulatory or home BP monitoring

MKSAP 20

110
Q

Antibody associated with primary membranous nephropathy

A

Anti-PLA2R

MKSAP 20

111
Q

Glycosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, hypouricemia, RTA

A

Fanconi syndrome

MKSAP 20

112
Q

Urine anion gap calculation

A

(Urine Na+ + Urine K+) – Urine Cl-

MKSAP 20

113
Q

Causes of pseudohyperkalemia

A

Extreme leukocytosis or thrombocythemia

MKSAP 20

114
Q

Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity

A

IV fluids, fomepizole, hemodialysis

MKSAP 20

115
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia, low urine chloride

A

Vomiting, diuretic use

MKSAP 20

116
Q

Hepatorenal syndrome treatment

A

Stop diuretics; start albumin; start terlipressin or midodrine and octreotide

MKSAP 20

117
Q

Rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain, kidney disease

A

IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)

MKSAP 20

118
Q

Acid-base disorder associated with low PCO2

A

Respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis

MKSAP 20

119
Q

Kidney stone that develops with urine pH <5.5

A

Uric acid stones

MKSAP 20

120
Q

Electrolyte cause of refractory hypokalemia

A

Hypomagnesemia

MKSAP 20

121
Q

Recommended urine output to prevent recurrent stones

A

> 2.5 L/24 h

MKSAP 20

122
Q

ATN FENa

A

> 1%-2%

MKSAP 20

123
Q

Treatment of anti-GBM antibody disease

A

Plasmapheresis, glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide

MKSAP 20

This combination aims to remove harmful antibodies and suppress the immune response.

124
Q

Presence of erythrocyte casts indicates

A

Glomerulonephritis

MKSAP 20

Erythrocyte casts are indicative of glomerular damage and inflammation.

125
Q

When to initiate screening for DKD in T1DM

A

5 years after diagnosis

MKSAP 20

Early screening is crucial for early intervention in diabetic kidney disease (DKD).

126
Q

Albumin-corrected anion gap calculation

A

Anion Gap + 2.5 × (Normal Albumin − Measured Albumin)

MKSAP 20

This formula adjusts the anion gap based on albumin levels to assess metabolic acidosis more accurately.

127
Q

Glomerular disease, sensorineural hearing loss, ocular disease

A

Hereditary nephritis (Alport disease)

MKSAP 20

Alport syndrome is a genetic condition that affects the kidneys, hearing, and vision.

128
Q

Treatment of struvite stone

A

Removal

MKSAP 20

Struvite stones often require surgical intervention due to their size and association with urinary infections.

129
Q

Chronic respiratory alkalosis compensation

A

4-5 mEq ↓ HCO3 for each 10 mm Hg ↓ Pco2

MKSAP 20

The kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis by decreasing bicarbonate reabsorption.

130
Q

Vascular diagnosis associated with abrupt hypertension in women aged <35 years

A

Fibromuscular dysplasia

MKSAP 20

This condition can lead to renal artery stenosis and resultant hypertension.

131
Q

Drug therapy for arginine vasopressin deficiency

A

Desmopressin

MKSAP 20

Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of vasopressin used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus.

132
Q

Urine dipstick positive for blood, no erythrocytes in sediment indicates

A

Myoglobinuria or hemoglobinuria

MKSAP 20

This finding suggests muscle breakdown or hemolysis rather than a renal source of bleeding.

133
Q

Obesity-related glomerular disease

A

Secondary FSGS

MKSAP 20

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can occur as a consequence of obesity.

134
Q

KDIGO BP target for patients with CKD

A

SBP <120 mm Hg

MKSAP 20

This target helps to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

135
Q

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, positive urine anion gap, hyperkalemia, urine pH <5.5 indicates

A

Type 4 (hyperkalemic distal) RTA

MKSAP 20

This condition is characterized by impaired renal acid secretion and hyperkalemia.

136
Q

Diagnostic test for lupus nephritis

A

Kidney biopsy

MKSAP 20

A kidney biopsy is essential for confirming the diagnosis and assessing the severity of lupus nephritis.

137
Q

Hypernatremia, elevated serum osmolality, inability to concentrate urine indicates

A

Arginine vasopressin disorder

MKSAP 20

This disorder can result from insufficient secretion or action of vasopressin, leading to water loss.

138
Q

Most common cause of hypernatremia

A

Loss of hypotonic body fluids

MKSAP 20

Causes include excessive sweating, diarrhea, or inadequate water intake.

139
Q

Systolic BP target for hypertensive emergency and severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, or pheochromocytoma

A

<140 mm Hg in first hour

MKSAP 20

Rapid control of blood pressure is critical in these conditions to prevent complications.

Fosforilados (16 decks)

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