Neurological Diseases Parkinson

Question 1

what are neurodegenerative diseases characterised by

Answer 1

progressive loss of neurons in specific regions of the cns

Question 2

what are some examples on ndg d

Answer 2

mnd, parkinsons, alzheimers

Question 3

what factor decides the effect that neurodegeneration has on the body

Answer 3

depending on the neurons affected

Question 4

what are components of a neuron

Answer 4

dendrites, and axons, adittionally, myelinated neurons transmit signals faster

Question 5

what are some neurotransmitters

Answer 5

acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
noradrenaline
glutamate
gamma amino butyric acid

Question 6

how does depolarisation affect levels of calcium and sodium ions in a neuron at activation

Answer 6

sodium entry stimulates calcium ion influx via voltage dependant ion channels

Question 7

what happens interneurally during synapse activation

Answer 7

vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and contents released into synaptic cleft

Question 8

what function do reuptake transporters perform

Answer 8

uptake unused/unreceived neurotransmitters and repackage into vesicles

Question 9

what other forms of nt control are used

Answer 9

enzymatic degradation
autoreceptors control release

Question 10

what are glial cells

Answer 10

supporting cells outnumbering neurons

Question 11

what are microglial cells

Answer 11

brainular macrophages
removes debris
defence

Question 12

what are oligodendrocytes

Answer 12

formation of the mylin sheath
see oilgio, vs lipid rich mylin

Question 13

what are astrocytes

Answer 13

dominant glial cell
forms blood brain barrier
provide nutrients
provide structural support

Question 14

what is the prevalance of parkinsons

Answer 14

150k people in the uk
1% of over 60s
4% of over 80s

Question 15

what are the clinical symptoms of parkinsons

Answer 15

tremour
postural instability
slowed movement and rigidity

Question 16

what are some pathalogical hallmarks of pd

Answer 16

selective loss of dopominergic neurons
presence of aggregated protein
lewy bodies

Question 17

where does selective loss of dopominergic neurons occur in pd

Answer 17

occurs in substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 18

what does the snpc

Answer 18

controls movements(initiation and execution)

Question 19

when do clinical symptoms occur

Answer 19

after 50-70 percent of neurons degraded

Question 20

is there a distinction between famillial and sporadic forms of pd

Answer 20

no

Question 21

what drives pd in familial cases

Answer 21

gene mutations

Question 22

what is the ratio of familial to sporadic cases

Answer 22

<10:90

Question 23

what are some hypothesises of pd pathogenesis

Answer 23

protien aggregation
mitochodrial dysfunction and free radical injury

Question 24

what is a major constituent of lewy bodies

Answer 24

alpha synuclein

Question 25

what is alpha synuclein
why does it clump
why is it linked to parkinsons

Answer 25

a presynaptic cytoplamic protien
stores and compartmentalises nt and maintains mitochondrial integrity
has a high amino acid composition which gives it a propensity to clump
mutations observed in genetic variants

Question 26

what is the ibiquitin proteasome system

Answer 26

responsible for the destruction of protiens

Question 27

what are the two stages of ups

Answer 27

covalent attachment of ubiquitin to substrate
degradation by proteosome

Question 28

why is ups linked to parkinsons

Answer 28

mutations observed in a protien for ubiquiten ligase

Question 29

why is mitochondrial dysfunctioin linked to parkinsons

Answer 29

postmortem tissue finds high levels of lipid peroxidation oxidation of proteins and lower glutathione levels

Question 30

what specific part of the mitochondrial process is linked to parkinsons

Answer 30

dysfunction and inhibition of complex 1 activity in electron transport chain
leading to higher levels of ros

Question 31

which drug caused mitochondial dysfunction in drug addicts

Answer 31

mptp caused death of substancia nigra pars compact no lewy bodies
crosses the bbb
converted into neurotoxic metabolites by astrocytes

Question 32

what environmental factors are linked to inhibition of complex 1

Answer 32

pestecides

Question 33

what is pink 1

Answer 33

mitochondrial protien with kinase activity
protects for oxidative stress
neuroprotective
targets damaged mitochondria for degredation

Question 34

what is dj 1

Answer 34

function is under debate
multifunctional
neuroprotective
antioxidant?
reduced activity led to cell death

Question 35

what drugs are used to manage pd

Answer 35

dopaminergic drugs
levodopa (dopamine precursor converted by dopa decarboxylase)
in combination with dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
increases duration and requires less
reuptake inhibitor

Question 36

what is mao and what does its inhibition lead to and whats a drug used

Answer 36

a neurotransmitter protease
increases dopamine
selegiline

Question 37

what is bromocriptine

Answer 37

a dopamine receptor agonist