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PAS 563 Med Phys > neurologic system part 1 > Flashcards

neurologic system part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the PNS consist of?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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2
Q

tell me about an afferent pathway

A

ascending; sensory to spinal column

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3
Q

tell me about an efferent pathway

A

descending; innervate effector organs

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4
Q

what does the somatic NS consist of and what does it control

A

motor and sensory pathways that regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

what does the autonomic NS consist of and what does it control

A

motor and sensory pathways that control the bodys internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems

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6
Q

what NS are the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS from

A

autonomic

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7
Q

how big are neurons

A

variable size and structure throughout the NS

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8
Q

what neurons continue to divide

A

olfactory

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9
Q

what are the cellular components of a neuron

A

microtubules, neurofibrils, and nissl substances

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10
Q

what do neurons do

A

receive, integrate, and transmit information to other cells throughout the body

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11
Q

what are the 3 main components of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, and axon

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12
Q

dendrites?

A

elongated processes that receive information from other neurons or the environment

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13
Q

where do axons conduct impulses

A

away from cell body

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14
Q

where is the cell body/soma located

A

mainly CNS

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15
Q

what are densely packed cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

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16
Q

what are densely packed cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

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17
Q

where do dendrites send impulses

A

cell body

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18
Q

axon hillock?

A

cone shaped, nissl free area where the axon leaves the cell body

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19
Q

axon initial segment?

A

area of axon with lowest threshold for stimulation so action potentials begin here

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20
Q

myelin?

A

segmented layer of lipid material that insulates the axon

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21
Q

what is myelin formed and maintained by

A

schwaan cells

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22
Q

endoneurium?

A

layer of CT around each axon

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23
Q

neurilemma?

A

thin membrane btwn myelin sheath and endoneurium

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24
Q

nodes of ranvier?

A

interruptions in the myelin sheath

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25
Q

saltatory conduction?

A

flow of ions btwn segments of myelin rather than along the entire length of the axon; skips over area of demyelination

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26
Q

are nodes of ranvier myelinated or unmyelinated

A

unmyelinated

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27
Q

what is divergence

A

ability of branching axons to influence many neurons; 1 cell body and many axons

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28
Q

what is convergence

A

branching of numerous neurons converging on one or a few neurons

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29
Q

what happens in MS

A

myelin sheath is destroyed with scarring and inflammtion; autoimmune disease

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30
Q

can cells grow back their myelin

A

yes

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31
Q

how are nuerons classified

A

structural; based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

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32
Q

3 types of neurons?

A

bipolar, multipolar, pseudounipolar

33
Q

what type of neurons are motor neurons

A

multipolar

34
Q

what type of neurons are sensory neurons

A

pseudounipolar

35
Q

what neurons have 2 processes attached to an oval shaped cell body

A

bipolar

36
Q

what does one process of the bipolar neuron function as? what does the other do?

A

1: dendrite which carries information from the periphery of the organism
2: axon carrying information towards the CNS

37
Q

where are bipolar neurons found

A

retina of the eye and olfactory epithelium of the nose

38
Q

which neurons are specialized?

A

bipolar because they are in the retina of the eye and olfactory epithelium of the nose

39
Q

what neuron type is the main one in the mammalian CNS

A

multipolar

40
Q

what does a multipolar neuron look like

A

single axon and multiple dendrites emerging from the cell body; vary in size, number, and length of processes depending on number of synaptic contacts they make with other neurons

41
Q

what NS are pseudounipolar neurons located in

A

peripheral

42
Q

where are pseudounipolar neurons located

A

cranial and spinal nerves

43
Q

what does a pseudounipolar neuron look like

A

dendritic portion extends away from the CNS and axon portion projecting into the CNS

44
Q

which cells in the NS are the nerve glue

A

neuroglia

45
Q

what do neuroglia do?

A

support neurons of CNS and PNS

46
Q

types of neuroglia?

A

astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, and ependymal cells

47
Q

which type of neuroglia has “end feet”

A

astrocytes

48
Q

what do “end feet” connect to

A

BV in brain

49
Q

what do “end feet” do?

A

regulate local blood flow to provide oxygen and nutrients to neurons in need

50
Q

besides having end feet that regulate blood flow, what else do astrocytes do

A

release NT to neighboring neurons

51
Q

who do astrocytes interact with?

A

several neurons and hundreds of thousands of synapses to properly integrate info

52
Q

which neuroglia have metabolic, immunologic, structural, and nutritional functions?

A

astrocytes

53
Q

what are microglia derived from

A

bone marrow precursors of monocytic lineage

54
Q

what is the main effector cell in the CNS

A

microglia

55
Q

what are microglia activated by

A

brain injury, infection, neuronal degeneration

56
Q

where do microglia reside

A

brain

57
Q

when microglia are activated what do they do

A

produce cytokines, upregulate MHC, proteinase production, and ROS

58
Q

what do ROS do

A

remove dead tissue and destroy invading organisms and contribute to CNS damage

59
Q

what are synapses

A

regions btwn adjacent neurons or a neuron and a muscle that allow them to communicate with one another

60
Q

how are impulses transmitted across synapse

A

chemical and electrical conduction

61
Q

what type of synapse deals with action potentials

A

electrical synapses

62
Q

what type of synapse deals with NT

A

chemical synapses

63
Q

what does an excitatory synapse do

A

increases probability the postsynaptic neuron will fire or that the muscle will move

64
Q

what does an inhibitory synapse do

A

decreases probability the postsynaptic neuron will fire or inhibits motor function

65
Q

where does the presynaptic neuron send information

A

postsynaptic

66
Q

which synapses stop communication

A

inhibitory

67
Q

what do NT act on

A

muscles

68
Q

synaptic cleft

A

region btwn axon and motor end plate

69
Q

what do vescicles do

A

pass NT from presynaptic membrane into synaptic cleft

70
Q

how do vesicles release NT

A

exocytosis

71
Q

where are Ach NT located?

A

neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic neurons, motor nuclei of cranial nerves, caudate nucleus and putamen, basal nucleus of meynert, parts of lymbic system

72
Q

where are NE NT located?

A

sympathetic NS, locus ceruleus, lateral tegmentum

73
Q

where are dopamine (DA) NT located?

A

hypothalamuc and midbrain nigrostriatal system

74
Q

where are serotonin (5-HT) NT located?

A

parasympathetic neurons in GUT, pineal gland, nucleus raphe magnus of pons

75
Q

where are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) NT located?

A

cerebellum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, striatonigral system

76
Q

where are glycine NT located?

A

spinal cord

77
Q

where are glutamic acid NT located?

A

spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, hippocampus, cerebral

78
Q

which hormone is the pleasure hormone

A

dopamine

79
Q

which NT helps with GI issues

A

serotonin (5-HT)

PAS 563 Med Phys (13 decks)

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