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PAS 563 Med Phys > Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrinology

A

study of intracellular and extracellular communication by hormones

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2
Q

how does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis

A

regulate metabolism, growth/development, and reproduction

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3
Q

what are the main messengers in the endocrine system

A

hormones

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4
Q

where are receptors of target organs located in the endocrine system

A

on cells surface or intracellular

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5
Q

where are endocrine hormones secreted?

A

into the blood

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6
Q

where are exocrine hormones secreted?

A

through ducts opening onto an epithelium

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7
Q

what are juxtacrine hormones?

A

target and effector in direct contact

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8
Q

what do neurocrine hormones influence

A

on or by nerves

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9
Q

what are paracrine hormones?

A

target and effector are near each other

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10
Q

what are autocrine hormones?

A

target cell is the effector cell

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11
Q

what are neuroendocrine hormones?

A

involve both nervous stimulation and endocrine secretion

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12
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

brain region/center where activity of the ANS and endocrine glands are integrated with input from other brain centers

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13
Q

how are endocrine and CNS responses linked

A

pituitary

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14
Q

the hypothalamus contains cells that produce hormones…

A

TRH, GRH, GHRH, CRH, somatostatin, dopamine, vasopressin/ADH, oxytocin

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15
Q

where are hormones of the hypothalamus released

A

blood

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16
Q

what do hormones of the hypothalamus target

A

mainly the pituitary

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17
Q

where do releasing hormones/factors and inhibiting hormones/factors act on?

A

anterior pituitary

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18
Q

what are trophic hormones

A

hormones that stimulate a particular target organ or cell

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19
Q

what does gonadotropin do?

A

stimulates gonads (testes and ovaries)

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20
Q

wht does thyrotropin/TSH do?

A

stimulates thyroid gland

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21
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex

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22
Q

how do tropic hormones interact with their target cell

A

membrane bound or cytoplasmic receptors

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23
Q

where are membrane bound receptors located? who do they interact with?

A

cellular membrane and interact with protein type hormones

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24
Q

where are cytoplasmic receptors located? who do they interact with?

A

cytoplasm of cell; interact with steroid hormones

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25
Q

what forms the anterior pituitary lobe / adenohypophysis

A

pars tuberalis, distalis, and intermedia

26
Q

what forms the posterior pituitary lobe / neurohypophysis

A

infundibulum and pars nervosa

27
Q

what are the regulatory functions of hormones

A

electrolyte and water balance + storage and metabolism of nutrients

28
Q

what hormones are responsible for electrolyte and water balance

A

aldosterone and vasopressin

29
Q

what hormones are responsible for storage and metabolism of nutrients

A

insulin and cortisol

30
Q

what are the morphogenic functions of hormones

A

synthesis of cellular components, growth and development, sexual maturation and reproduction

31
Q

what hormones synthesize cellular components

A

thyroid hormone, catecholamines, and steroid hormones

32
Q

what hormones are responsible for growth and dev?

A

GH, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones

33
Q

what hormones are responsible for sex maturation and reproduction

A

gonadotropins, estrogen, testosterone, and HCG

34
Q

do water soluble proteins require a carrier protein to be transported through plasma? Are they biologically active?

A

no carrier protein; biologically active

35
Q

do water insoluble proteins require a carrier protein to be transported through plasma? Are they biologically active?

A

carrier protein needed; biologically inactive

36
Q

what type of hormones are anterior pituitary hormones?

A

protein type

37
Q

tell me about protein type hormones

A

made of aa/peptides and are water soluble, short half life, polar molecules

38
Q

can protein type hormones diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer?

A

no; they need membrane bound receptors

39
Q

what are steriod hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

40
Q

tell me about steroid type hormones

A

not water soluble, physiologically active

41
Q

can steroid type hormones diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer?

A

yes

42
Q

where is estradiol made

A

ovary

43
Q

where is estriol made

A

placenta

44
Q

what are the aromatic amine hormones?

A

T3, T4, and catecholamines (EPI, NE, and DA)

45
Q

where are aromatic amine hormones derived from

A

tyrosine

46
Q

tell me about EPI

A

made in adrenal medulla, water soluble,action is immediate

47
Q

tell me about T3 and T4

A

made in thyroid, NOT water soluble, action is quick when released in target tissue

48
Q

how do membrane bound receptors regulate transcrpition?

A

intracellular signaling cascades

49
Q

how do intracellularreceptors regulate transcrpition?

A

bind response elements

50
Q

main regulators in endocrine sys?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

51
Q

what happens as glucose increases in the plasma?

A

pancreas makes and secretes insulin

52
Q

what is the primary hormone control mechanism in the endocrine system?

A

negative feedback

53
Q

what 3 endocrine organs does neg feedback use

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, and organ/target cell

54
Q

where are hormones metabolized? excreted?

A

metabolized in liver and kidney; excreted in urine and feces

55
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

A

neural system

56
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

A

portal veins

57
Q

what does the hypothalamus produce and control the release of?

A

ADH, oxytocin, inhibiting and releasing hormones

58
Q

what controls the ANS

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

what does the posterior pituitary do

A

stores and releases ADH and oxytocin

60
Q

what does the anterior pituitary do

A

produces and secretes stimulating hormones

61
Q

How are hormone abnormalities classified

A

Degree of hormone stimulation and where the disorder originates

PAS 563 Med Phys (13 decks)

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