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PAS 563 Med Phys > male and female reproductive hormones > Flashcards

male and female reproductive hormones Flashcards

1
Q

where does GnRH come from? what does it stimulate?

A

comes from hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

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2
Q

what are the 2 gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary

A

FSH and LH

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3
Q

what is LH in the corpus leuteum?

A

luteinizing hormone

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4
Q

what is LH in the testes?

A

interstitial cell stimulating hormone

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5
Q

what type of hormones are FSH and LH?

A

polypeptide/protein hormones

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6
Q

where do FSH and LH target in the male? why?

A

testes to secrete TST and DHEA

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7
Q

where do FSH and LH target in the female? why?

A

ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

what is the primary female sex hormone?

A

estrogen

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9
Q

where does DHEA bind

A

androgen receptors

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10
Q

what are the placental hormones

A

HCG, progesterone, and estriol

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11
Q

what does HCG do

A

stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone until the placenta can

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12
Q

HCG has similar biological actions to…

A

LH

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13
Q

what does progesterone do

A

maintains endometrium

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14
Q

what is E3

A

estrogen of pregnancy

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15
Q

characteristics of steroid hormones

A

all derived from cholesterol, all have same 17 C backbone, metabolites differ in number of extra carbons

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16
Q

exocrine function of the male reproductive system?

A

make sperm

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17
Q

endocrine function of the male reproductive system?

A

secrete TST

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18
Q

what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the male reproductive system regulated by

A

pituitary LH and FSH

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19
Q

what do the leydig cells produce

A

TST; TST increases spermatocytes

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20
Q

what do the sertoli cells produce

A

sperm

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21
Q

where are the sertoli cells located

A

seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

where are the leydig cells located

A

interstitial cells

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23
Q

what does the FSH target in the male reproductive system

A

sertoli cells which mature spermatozoa

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24
Q

what does lack of LH stimulation lead to

A

testicular atrophy

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25
Q

what does excess FSH lead to

A

azoospermia (lack of sperm and infertility)

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26
Q

when there is XY in utero, what does placental HCG stimulate?

A

leydig cells to secrete TST which causes male genitalia to develop

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27
Q

when there is XX in utero, what does placental HCG stimulate?

A

there are no leydig cells to stimulate so no TST is produced which causes female genitalia/ovaries to develop

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28
Q

what does excess TST in utero cause?

A

female babies to develop male genitalia or ambiguous genetalia

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29
Q

at puberty (9-16 y/o), what does TST stimulate

A

spermatogenesis

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30
Q

what are some male secondary sexual characteristics

A

hair growth pattern, deepened voice, thicker hair, inc. muscle development, libido, bone growth/density, increased BMR, increased RBC mass, male pattern baldness

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31
Q

what happens if testosterone is higher than normal in females

A

ambiguous genitalia if in utero, hirsutism, acne, baldness, amenorrhea, masculinization

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32
Q

what is virilization?

A

masculinization in females

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33
Q

what is hursitism?

A

facial hair growth in a male pattern

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34
Q

what hormone is secreted in a circadian pattern throughout the day

A

TST

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35
Q

when does TST peak? when is it at its low?

A

peak- 7am

low- 8pm

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36
Q

does tst decline with age

A

no

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37
Q

what is hypogonadism

A

decreased androgens (TST)

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38
Q

what does hypogonadism result in?

A

infertility and diminished libido

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39
Q

what happens of hypogonadism occurs pre puberty?

A

sexual infantilism

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40
Q

what happens of hypogonadism occurs post puberty?

A

impotence, loss of secondary sexual characteristics

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41
Q

what causes primary hypogonadism

A

developmental abnormalities, enzyme defects, testicular loss/damage, mumps, trauma, castration, chronic alcohol abuse

42
Q

what causes secondary hypogonadism

A

pituitary dysfunction

43
Q

what is hypergonadism

A

increased androgens (TST)

44
Q

primary cause of hypergonadism?

A

testicular hyperfunction

45
Q

secondary cause of hypergonadism?

A

pituitary hyperfunction

46
Q

what happens of hypergonadism occurs pre puberty?

A

precocious (early) puberty

47
Q

what happens of hypergonadism occurs post puberty?

A

not significant in affecting reproductive system

48
Q

what is the exocrine function of the female reproductive system

A

produce ovum

49
Q

what is the endocrine function of the female reproductive system

A

secrete estrogen and progesterone

50
Q

what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the female reproductive system regulated by

A

pituitary LH and FSH

51
Q

what does the ovary contain? what does it secrete?

A

contains ova and secretes estrogen and progesterone

52
Q

what is the degenerating primary follicle called? what does this produce?

A

corpus luteum; produces progesterone and E2 for endometrial growth

53
Q

what does the primary follicle do

A

makes estroogen until mid cycle then the oocyte is released from the follicle and taken up by the fallopian tube

54
Q

what stimulates the follicles to mature and produce E2

A

FSH

55
Q

at mid cycle, what plasma levels are high

A

E2 and LH

56
Q

what does the mature follicle rupture to expel

A

an egg/oocyte

57
Q

why is progesterone important

A

its needed to maintain uterine lining in case fertilization occurs

58
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur

A

it’ll regress and stop producing progesterone and e2

59
Q

what causes sloughing of the uterine lining (menses)?

A

lack of progesterone

60
Q

what negative feedback occurs pre puberty in females

A

adrenal estrogens suppress pituitary release of FSH and LH

61
Q

when progesterone and e2 levels are low, what does the hypothalamus do?

A

releases GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

62
Q

what is the LH surge

A

at mid cycle when plasma LH levels reach their highest and peak. This causes ovulation

63
Q

what occurs during ovulation

A

mature follicle ruptures and egg is expelled

64
Q

what does the mature follicle remnant degenerate into

A

corpus luteum

65
Q

when plasma e2 and progesterone levels rise, what happens to FSH and LH?

A

they drop

66
Q

if progesterone levels do not fall, what does that indicate

A

implantation occurred

67
Q

when does LH peak?

A

ovulation

68
Q

when does pregesterone peak

A

postovulation

69
Q

what is measured to determine if ovulation occurred

A

progesterone

70
Q

if the oocyte becomes fertilized and implants, what does the placenta secrete

A

HCG

71
Q

when the placenta secretes HCG it acts like LH and does what

A

stimulates corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone

72
Q

when are HCG levels detectable in pregnant women

A

8-11 days after conception, but they peak in the first trimester then decline by 90%

73
Q

what happens during menopause

A

ovaries stop making eggs and produce less estrogen and progesterone

74
Q

physical effects of menopause?

A

hot flashes, fatigue, SOB, irritability, anxiety

75
Q

long term effects of menopause

A

osteoporosis, dec. libido, and inc. risk of CAD

76
Q

what hormone protects against CAD

A

estrogen

77
Q

who is osteoporosis MC in

A

thin, white females

78
Q

what does estradiol do at puberty

A

stimulates menarche, oocyte maturation, female secondary sex characteristics

79
Q

what are the femael sec sex characteristics

A

breast development, hair growth pattern, fat distribution

80
Q

what are some other effects of increased estrogen during puberty

A

smooth skin, stops linear growth, widens pelvic structure, increased risk of venous clot formation

81
Q

effects of excess estrogen in males?

A

gynecomastia, suppression of FSH and LH which dec. TST, inc. risk of clot formation, can cause dec. linear growth if during puberty

82
Q

effects of progesterone

A

menstrual cycle regulation, prepares breast for lactation, raise body temp post ovulation (very small), increases post ovulation

83
Q

hypogonadism in females?

A

dec production of female hormones e2 and progesterone

84
Q

what occurs if hypogonadism occurs prepuberty in females

A

wont progress through puberty or primary amenorrhea (MC)

85
Q

what occurs if hypogonadism occurs postpuberty in females

A

secondary amenorrhea

86
Q

tell me about turner syndrome, 45X

A

short stature, neck webbing, short metacarpals, cardiac defects, undifferentiated gonads

87
Q

what does it mean if a female has undifferentiated gonads

A

they cannot ovulate or secrete E2

88
Q

what causes primary ovarian hypofunction

A

developmental or functional abnormalities, incomplete or no development of gonads, oophritis, iatrogenic, congenital enzyme deficiency

89
Q

what is oophritis

A

inflammation of an ovary due to an infection or autoimmune disorder

90
Q

what is sheehans syndrome

A

postpartum hemorrhage resulting in panhypopituitarism

91
Q

what causes secondary hypogonadism

A

illness, stress/emotional strain, malnutrition/undernutrition, anorexia, bulemia

92
Q

what happens if hypergonadism occurs pre puberty

A

precocious (early) puberty

93
Q

what happens if hypergonadism occurs post puberty

A

irregular menses

94
Q

what happens if hypergonadism occurs post menopausal

A

uterine bleeding

95
Q

where is GnRH made?

A

hypothalamus

96
Q

where are FSH and LH made?

A

anterior pituitary

97
Q

where are testosterone and DHEA made?

A

testes

98
Q

where are e2 and progesterone made?

A

ovary and placenta during pregnancy (e3)

99
Q

where is HCG made?

A

placenta

100
Q

where is prolactin made?

A

anterior pituitary

101
Q

what factors affect hormone release

A

age, sex, emotions, disease, stress, pregnancy

102
Q

what may decreased GnRH be due to

A

disease or stress

PAS 563 Med Phys (13 decks)

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