male and female reproductive hormones Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
where does GnRH come from? what does it stimulate?
A
comes from hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
2
Q
what are the 2 gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary
A
FSH and LH
3
Q
what is LH in the corpus leuteum?
A
luteinizing hormone
4
Q
what is LH in the testes?
A
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
5
Q
what type of hormones are FSH and LH?
A
polypeptide/protein hormones
6
Q
where do FSH and LH target in the male? why?
A
testes to secrete TST and DHEA
7
Q
where do FSH and LH target in the female? why?
A
ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone
8
Q
what is the primary female sex hormone?
A
estrogen
9
Q
where does DHEA bind
A
androgen receptors
10
Q
what are the placental hormones
A
HCG, progesterone, and estriol
11
Q
what does HCG do
A
stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone until the placenta can
12
Q
HCG has similar biological actions to…
A
LH
13
Q
what does progesterone do
A
maintains endometrium
14
Q
what is E3
A
estrogen of pregnancy
15
Q
characteristics of steroid hormones
A
all derived from cholesterol, all have same 17 C backbone, metabolites differ in number of extra carbons
16
Q
exocrine function of the male reproductive system?
A
make sperm
17
Q
endocrine function of the male reproductive system?
A
secrete TST
18
Q
what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the male reproductive system regulated by
A
pituitary LH and FSH
19
Q
what do the leydig cells produce
A
TST; TST increases spermatocytes
20
Q
what do the sertoli cells produce
A
sperm
21
Q
where are the sertoli cells located
A
seminiferous tubules
22
Q
where are the leydig cells located
A
interstitial cells
23
Q
what does the FSH target in the male reproductive system
A
sertoli cells which mature spermatozoa
24
Q
what does lack of LH stimulation lead to
A
testicular atrophy
25
what does excess FSH lead to
azoospermia (lack of sperm and infertility)
26
when there is XY in utero, what does placental HCG stimulate?
leydig cells to secrete TST which causes male genitalia to develop
27
when there is XX in utero, what does placental HCG stimulate?
there are no leydig cells to stimulate so no TST is produced which causes female genitalia/ovaries to develop
28
what does excess TST in utero cause?
female babies to develop male genitalia or ambiguous genetalia
29
at puberty (9-16 y/o), what does TST stimulate
spermatogenesis
30
what are some male secondary sexual characteristics
hair growth pattern, deepened voice, thicker hair, inc. muscle development, libido, bone growth/density, increased BMR, increased RBC mass, male pattern baldness
31
what happens if testosterone is higher than normal in females
ambiguous genitalia if in utero, hirsutism, acne, baldness, amenorrhea, masculinization
32
what is virilization?
masculinization in females
33
what is hursitism?
facial hair growth in a male pattern
34
what hormone is secreted in a circadian pattern throughout the day
TST
35
when does TST peak? when is it at its low?
peak- 7am
| low- 8pm
36
does tst decline with age
no
37
what is hypogonadism
decreased androgens (TST)
38
what does hypogonadism result in?
infertility and diminished libido
39
what happens of hypogonadism occurs pre puberty?
sexual infantilism
40
what happens of hypogonadism occurs post puberty?
impotence, loss of secondary sexual characteristics
41
what causes primary hypogonadism
developmental abnormalities, enzyme defects, testicular loss/damage, mumps, trauma, castration, chronic alcohol abuse
42
what causes secondary hypogonadism
pituitary dysfunction
43
what is hypergonadism
increased androgens (TST)
44
primary cause of hypergonadism?
testicular hyperfunction
45
secondary cause of hypergonadism?
pituitary hyperfunction
46
what happens of hypergonadism occurs pre puberty?
precocious (early) puberty
47
what happens of hypergonadism occurs post puberty?
not significant in affecting reproductive system
48
what is the exocrine function of the female reproductive system
produce ovum
49
what is the endocrine function of the female reproductive system
secrete estrogen and progesterone
50
what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the female reproductive system regulated by
pituitary LH and FSH
51
what does the ovary contain? what does it secrete?
contains ova and secretes estrogen and progesterone
52
what is the degenerating primary follicle called? what does this produce?
corpus luteum; produces progesterone and E2 for endometrial growth
53
what does the primary follicle do
makes estroogen until mid cycle then the oocyte is released from the follicle and taken up by the fallopian tube
54
what stimulates the follicles to mature and produce E2
FSH
55
at mid cycle, what plasma levels are high
E2 and LH
56
what does the mature follicle rupture to expel
an egg/oocyte
57
why is progesterone important
its needed to maintain uterine lining in case fertilization occurs
58
what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur
it'll regress and stop producing progesterone and e2
59
what causes sloughing of the uterine lining (menses)?
lack of progesterone
60
what negative feedback occurs pre puberty in females
adrenal estrogens suppress pituitary release of FSH and LH
61
when progesterone and e2 levels are low, what does the hypothalamus do?
releases GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
62
what is the LH surge
at mid cycle when plasma LH levels reach their highest and peak. This causes ovulation
63
what occurs during ovulation
mature follicle ruptures and egg is expelled
64
what does the mature follicle remnant degenerate into
corpus luteum
65
when plasma e2 and progesterone levels rise, what happens to FSH and LH?
they drop
66
if progesterone levels do not fall, what does that indicate
implantation occurred
67
when does LH peak?
ovulation
68
when does pregesterone peak
postovulation
69
what is measured to determine if ovulation occurred
progesterone
70
if the oocyte becomes fertilized and implants, what does the placenta secrete
HCG
71
when the placenta secretes HCG it acts like LH and does what
stimulates corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone
72
when are HCG levels detectable in pregnant women
8-11 days after conception, but they peak in the first trimester then decline by 90%
73
what happens during menopause
ovaries stop making eggs and produce less estrogen and progesterone
74
physical effects of menopause?
hot flashes, fatigue, SOB, irritability, anxiety
75
long term effects of menopause
osteoporosis, dec. libido, and inc. risk of CAD
76
what hormone protects against CAD
estrogen
77
who is osteoporosis MC in
thin, white females
78
what does estradiol do at puberty
stimulates menarche, oocyte maturation, female secondary sex characteristics
79
what are the femael sec sex characteristics
breast development, hair growth pattern, fat distribution
80
what are some other effects of increased estrogen during puberty
smooth skin, stops linear growth, widens pelvic structure, increased risk of venous clot formation
81
effects of excess estrogen in males?
gynecomastia, suppression of FSH and LH which dec. TST, inc. risk of clot formation, can cause dec. linear growth if during puberty
82
effects of progesterone
menstrual cycle regulation, prepares breast for lactation, raise body temp post ovulation (very small), increases post ovulation
83
hypogonadism in females?
dec production of female hormones e2 and progesterone
84
what occurs if hypogonadism occurs prepuberty in females
wont progress through puberty or primary amenorrhea (MC)
85
what occurs if hypogonadism occurs postpuberty in females
secondary amenorrhea
86
tell me about turner syndrome, 45X
short stature, neck webbing, short metacarpals, cardiac defects, undifferentiated gonads
87
what does it mean if a female has undifferentiated gonads
they cannot ovulate or secrete E2
88
what causes primary ovarian hypofunction
developmental or functional abnormalities, incomplete or no development of gonads, oophritis, iatrogenic, congenital enzyme deficiency
89
what is oophritis
inflammation of an ovary due to an infection or autoimmune disorder
90
what is sheehans syndrome
postpartum hemorrhage resulting in panhypopituitarism
91
what causes secondary hypogonadism
illness, stress/emotional strain, malnutrition/undernutrition, anorexia, bulemia
92
what happens if hypergonadism occurs pre puberty
precocious (early) puberty
93
what happens if hypergonadism occurs post puberty
irregular menses
94
what happens if hypergonadism occurs post menopausal
uterine bleeding
95
where is GnRH made?
hypothalamus
96
where are FSH and LH made?
anterior pituitary
97
where are testosterone and DHEA made?
testes
98
where are e2 and progesterone made?
ovary and placenta during pregnancy (e3)
99
where is HCG made?
placenta
100
where is prolactin made?
anterior pituitary
101
what factors affect hormone release
age, sex, emotions, disease, stress, pregnancy
102
what may decreased GnRH be due to
disease or stress
