male and female reproductive hormones Flashcards
where does GnRH come from? what does it stimulate?
comes from hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
what are the 2 gonadotropins of the anterior pituitary
FSH and LH
what is LH in the corpus leuteum?
luteinizing hormone
what is LH in the testes?
interstitial cell stimulating hormone
what type of hormones are FSH and LH?
polypeptide/protein hormones
where do FSH and LH target in the male? why?
testes to secrete TST and DHEA
where do FSH and LH target in the female? why?
ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone
what is the primary female sex hormone?
estrogen
where does DHEA bind
androgen receptors
what are the placental hormones
HCG, progesterone, and estriol
what does HCG do
stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone until the placenta can
HCG has similar biological actions to…
LH
what does progesterone do
maintains endometrium
what is E3
estrogen of pregnancy
characteristics of steroid hormones
all derived from cholesterol, all have same 17 C backbone, metabolites differ in number of extra carbons
exocrine function of the male reproductive system?
make sperm
endocrine function of the male reproductive system?
secrete TST
what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the male reproductive system regulated by
pituitary LH and FSH
what do the leydig cells produce
TST; TST increases spermatocytes
what do the sertoli cells produce
sperm
where are the sertoli cells located
seminiferous tubules
where are the leydig cells located
interstitial cells
what does the FSH target in the male reproductive system
sertoli cells which mature spermatozoa
what does lack of LH stimulation lead to
testicular atrophy
what does excess FSH lead to
azoospermia (lack of sperm and infertility)
when there is XY in utero, what does placental HCG stimulate?
leydig cells to secrete TST which causes male genitalia to develop
when there is XX in utero, what does placental HCG stimulate?
there are no leydig cells to stimulate so no TST is produced which causes female genitalia/ovaries to develop
what does excess TST in utero cause?
female babies to develop male genitalia or ambiguous genetalia
at puberty (9-16 y/o), what does TST stimulate
spermatogenesis
what are some male secondary sexual characteristics
hair growth pattern, deepened voice, thicker hair, inc. muscle development, libido, bone growth/density, increased BMR, increased RBC mass, male pattern baldness
what happens if testosterone is higher than normal in females
ambiguous genitalia if in utero, hirsutism, acne, baldness, amenorrhea, masculinization
what is virilization?
masculinization in females
what is hursitism?
facial hair growth in a male pattern
what hormone is secreted in a circadian pattern throughout the day
TST
when does TST peak? when is it at its low?
peak- 7am
low- 8pm
does tst decline with age
no
what is hypogonadism
decreased androgens (TST)
what does hypogonadism result in?
infertility and diminished libido
what happens of hypogonadism occurs pre puberty?
sexual infantilism
what happens of hypogonadism occurs post puberty?
impotence, loss of secondary sexual characteristics
what causes primary hypogonadism
developmental abnormalities, enzyme defects, testicular loss/damage, mumps, trauma, castration, chronic alcohol abuse
what causes secondary hypogonadism
pituitary dysfunction
what is hypergonadism
increased androgens (TST)
primary cause of hypergonadism?
testicular hyperfunction
secondary cause of hypergonadism?
pituitary hyperfunction
what happens of hypergonadism occurs pre puberty?
precocious (early) puberty
what happens of hypergonadism occurs post puberty?
not significant in affecting reproductive system
what is the exocrine function of the female reproductive system
produce ovum
what is the endocrine function of the female reproductive system
secrete estrogen and progesterone
what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the female reproductive system regulated by
pituitary LH and FSH
what does the ovary contain? what does it secrete?
contains ova and secretes estrogen and progesterone
what is the degenerating primary follicle called? what does this produce?
corpus luteum; produces progesterone and E2 for endometrial growth
what does the primary follicle do
makes estroogen until mid cycle then the oocyte is released from the follicle and taken up by the fallopian tube
what stimulates the follicles to mature and produce E2
FSH
at mid cycle, what plasma levels are high
E2 and LH
what does the mature follicle rupture to expel
an egg/oocyte
why is progesterone important
its needed to maintain uterine lining in case fertilization occurs
what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur
it’ll regress and stop producing progesterone and e2
what causes sloughing of the uterine lining (menses)?
lack of progesterone
what negative feedback occurs pre puberty in females
adrenal estrogens suppress pituitary release of FSH and LH
when progesterone and e2 levels are low, what does the hypothalamus do?
releases GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
what is the LH surge
at mid cycle when plasma LH levels reach their highest and peak. This causes ovulation
what occurs during ovulation
mature follicle ruptures and egg is expelled
what does the mature follicle remnant degenerate into
corpus luteum
when plasma e2 and progesterone levels rise, what happens to FSH and LH?
they drop
if progesterone levels do not fall, what does that indicate
implantation occurred
when does LH peak?
ovulation
when does pregesterone peak
postovulation
what is measured to determine if ovulation occurred
progesterone
if the oocyte becomes fertilized and implants, what does the placenta secrete
HCG
when the placenta secretes HCG it acts like LH and does what
stimulates corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone
when are HCG levels detectable in pregnant women
8-11 days after conception, but they peak in the first trimester then decline by 90%
what happens during menopause
ovaries stop making eggs and produce less estrogen and progesterone
physical effects of menopause?
hot flashes, fatigue, SOB, irritability, anxiety
long term effects of menopause
osteoporosis, dec. libido, and inc. risk of CAD
what hormone protects against CAD
estrogen
who is osteoporosis MC in
thin, white females
what does estradiol do at puberty
stimulates menarche, oocyte maturation, female secondary sex characteristics
what are the femael sec sex characteristics
breast development, hair growth pattern, fat distribution
what are some other effects of increased estrogen during puberty
smooth skin, stops linear growth, widens pelvic structure, increased risk of venous clot formation
effects of excess estrogen in males?
gynecomastia, suppression of FSH and LH which dec. TST, inc. risk of clot formation, can cause dec. linear growth if during puberty
effects of progesterone
menstrual cycle regulation, prepares breast for lactation, raise body temp post ovulation (very small), increases post ovulation
hypogonadism in females?
dec production of female hormones e2 and progesterone
what occurs if hypogonadism occurs prepuberty in females
wont progress through puberty or primary amenorrhea (MC)
what occurs if hypogonadism occurs postpuberty in females
secondary amenorrhea
tell me about turner syndrome, 45X
short stature, neck webbing, short metacarpals, cardiac defects, undifferentiated gonads
what does it mean if a female has undifferentiated gonads
they cannot ovulate or secrete E2
what causes primary ovarian hypofunction
developmental or functional abnormalities, incomplete or no development of gonads, oophritis, iatrogenic, congenital enzyme deficiency
what is oophritis
inflammation of an ovary due to an infection or autoimmune disorder
what is sheehans syndrome
postpartum hemorrhage resulting in panhypopituitarism
what causes secondary hypogonadism
illness, stress/emotional strain, malnutrition/undernutrition, anorexia, bulemia
what happens if hypergonadism occurs pre puberty
precocious (early) puberty
what happens if hypergonadism occurs post puberty
irregular menses
what happens if hypergonadism occurs post menopausal
uterine bleeding
where is GnRH made?
hypothalamus
where are FSH and LH made?
anterior pituitary
where are testosterone and DHEA made?
testes
where are e2 and progesterone made?
ovary and placenta during pregnancy (e3)
where is HCG made?
placenta
where is prolactin made?
anterior pituitary
what factors affect hormone release
age, sex, emotions, disease, stress, pregnancy
what may decreased GnRH be due to
disease or stress
