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PAS 563 Med Phys > GI structure and function > Flashcards

GI structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

Breaks down ingested food

Prepares food for uptake by the body’s cells

Provides body water

Eliminates wastes

Controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system (except for chewing, swallowing, and defecation)

A

functions of the GI tract

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2
Q

4 layers of GI tract from deep to superficial

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa or adventitia

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3
Q

enteric plexus layers

A

Subserosal plexus

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

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4
Q

ENS functions

A

egulates gastrointestinal motility, secretory activity, vascular activity, and inflammation

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5
Q

Approx 100 million neurons located within numerous small ganglia.

A

ENS

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6
Q

Myenteric plexus location

A

between longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers

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7
Q

what does the myenteric plexus regulate

A

motor activity of the gut

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8
Q

submucosal plexus location

A

between the circular smooth muscle and submucosa

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9
Q

what does the submucosal plexus regulate

A

mucosal functions

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10
Q

The two types of receptors in the gut that are sensitive to acetylcholine

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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11
Q

The key neurotransmitter used in the SNS

A

NE

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12
Q

what does NE act on

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

excitatory Nonadrenergic/noncholinergic NTs

A

Substance P, neurokinin A

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14
Q

inhibotory Nonadrenergic/noncholinergic NTs

A

NO, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

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15
Q

The two principal muscle layers that control motility of the GI tract are:

A

the inner circular layer muscularis externa

the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

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16
Q

this layer of the GI smooth muscle is thickened for form sphincters

A

the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

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17
Q

what type of muscle is most of the GI

A

smooth

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18
Q

Reservoir for chewing and mixing of food with saliva

A

mouth

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19
Q

what does the mouth contain

A

taste buds, olfactory nerves, and teeth

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20
Q

Submandibular

Sublingual

Parotid

A

salivary glands

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21
Q

saliva consists of

A

Water with mucus, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, potassium, and salivary α-amylase (carbohydrate digestion)

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22
Q

what is saliva controlled by

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

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23
Q

location of swallowing center

A

reticular formation of the brainstem, insula/claustrum and cerebellum

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24
Q

phases of swallowing

A

Oral and pharyngeal phases

Esophageal phase

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25
Q

what does the esophagus consist of

A

epithelial cell layer

inner layer of circular muscle

myenteric nerve plexus

outer layer of longitudinal muscle.

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26
Q

hollow tube (25–30 cm long, 2–3 cm wide).

A

esophagus

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27
Q

what is the esophagus delimited by

A

UES and LES

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28
Q

what is the UES made of

A

striated circular muscle

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29
Q

what is the LES made of

A

smooth muscle

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30
Q

are sphincters closed or open btwn swallows

A

closed

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31
Q

why are the sphincters closed btwn swallows

A

Prevents entry of air and gastric acid into the esophagus.

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32
Q

controls the passage of digesta into the stomach

prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus

Contracted between swallows

Relaxed during swallows

A

LES

33
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of relaxations and contractions of the tunica muscles

34
Q

A hollow, muscular organ that stores food, secretes digestive juices, mixes food with the juices, and propels partially digested food (chyme)

A

stomach

35
Q

muscle layers of stomach

A

longitudinal, circular, and oblique

36
Q

gastrin

A

increase gastric and intestinal motility

37
Q

secretin

A

inhibits gastrin release and gastric acid secretion

38
Q

cholecystokinin

A

satiety

39
Q

motillin

A

Increases gastric emptying and small bowel motility

40
Q

what gastric juices does the stomach secrete

A

Mucus, Acid, Enzymes, Hormones, Intrinsic factor, Gastroferrin

41
Q

what do pit/surface/foveolar cells secrete

A

mucus

42
Q

what do mucus neck cells secrete

A

mucus

43
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

HCl, intrinsic factor

44
Q

what do zymogenic chief cellls secrete

A

pepsinogen

45
Q

where are parietal cells and chief cells located

A

fundus of stomach

46
Q

what do G cells secrete

A

gastrin

47
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

48
Q

cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A

anticipation (sight/smell of food) stimulates the vagus

49
Q

gastric phase of gastric secretion

A

when food hits the stomach

50
Q

intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

slowing down

51
Q

what do Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete

A

histamine

52
Q

what does histamine stimulate

A

acid secretion

53
Q

what is histamine stimulated by

A

gastrin secretion

54
Q

what do D cells stimulate

A

somatostatin

55
Q

what does somatostatin inhibit

A

Inhibits acid, pepsinogen, and gastrin secretion

56
Q

outer layer of SI

A

longitudinal

57
Q

inner layer of SI

A

circular

58
Q

microvilli are found here

A

brush border

59
Q

fat digestion begins here

A

SI

60
Q

presence of food in the stomach and gastric peristalsis stimulates this

A

gastroileal reflex

61
Q

inhibition of gastric motility by distention of the ileum stimulates this

A

ileogastric reflex

62
Q

what does the ileocecal valve do

A

Separates small from large intestine; limits reflux of colonic contents into the ileum

63
Q

rectosigmoid sphincter

A

O’Beirne sphincter

64
Q

Internal anal sphincter is made of this

A

smooth muscle

65
Q

external anal sphincter is made of this

A

skeletal muscle

66
Q

Taenia coli

A

Longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle

67
Q

______ are 95% of the fecal flora in the colon

A

Anaerobes

68
Q

what separates lobes of the liver

A

falciform ligament

69
Q

Caudate and quadrate lobes are part ofthis lobe in the liver

A

right

70
Q

Immune cells in the liver

A

Kupffer cells

Stellate cells

Pit cells

71
Q

what does bile contain

A

bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, electrolytes, and water

72
Q

what is bile formed by

A

hepatocytes

73
Q

where is bile secreted into

A

bile canalibuli

74
Q

what is Enterohepatic circulation responsible for

A

recycling of bile salts

75
Q

this is a byproduct of the destruction of aged red blood cells

A

bilirubin

76
Q

functions of liver

A

store blood, remove bact. and foreign particles, make clotting factors, make bile, metabolize fats/proteins/carbs, detox, store vitamins and minerals

77
Q

A sac-like organ that lies on the inferior surface of the liver

A

gallbladder

78
Q

function of gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile between meals

79
Q

how much bile does the gallbladder hold

A

90 mL

PAS 563 Med Phys (13 decks)

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