Neurodevelopmental disorders- exam 4 Flashcards
what is ADHD and what are the 3 categories of behaviors
- inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviors
- inactivity in frontal lobe causing low executive functioning
what are the 3 subtypes of ADHD
- inattentive
- hyperactive/impulsive
- combined
what is the DSM-5 criteria of adhd
- 6 or more symptoms in either the inattention or hyperactive/impulsive categories
- occur before age 12 in 2 or more settings
- symptoms present for at least 6 months and are inconsistent with developmental level
- negative impact on social and academic or occupational activitiese
- causes distress or impairment
onset before what age , in how many settings
onset before age 12 in 2 or more settings
what drugs are used to treat adhd
Stimulants- increase dopamine functioning
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin (IR), Concerta (XR))
- Dextroamphetamine (Adderall, adderall-XR, Dexedrine; Vyvance (‘prodrug’ - lysine + dextroamphetamine))a
Increase norepinepherine function (NOT a stimulant)
- straterra - norepinepherine reuptake inhibitor
what is the behavioral treatment for adhd
what brain area and neurotransmitter is associated with adhd
- inactivity of the frontal lobe
- low dopamine levels
what is the heritability of adhd
70-88% of people with parents with ADHD also develop ADHD
what are the criteria for conduct disorder
- basic rights of others and/or rules are violated as evidenced by at least 3 of the following: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violations of rules
- onset before 10 years –> childhood type
- onset after 10 years –> adolescent type
what is oppositional defiant disorder
- recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, hostile, and disobedient behavior towards authority figures for at least 6 months
- characteristics: loses temper, argues with adults, activley refuses to comply with adult’s requests or rules, blames others for mistakes/misbehaviors, touchy or easily annoyed, angry or restful, deliberately annoys others, spiteful and vindicitive
what is the criteria for intellectual disability
- significant sub-average functioning, behavioral descriptors + IQ (3 domains: conceptual, social, and practical)
- Deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning in at least 2 of the following: communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, self-direction, fucntional academic or work skills, leisure, health, safety
- onset before age 18
what levels of support are needed/ 3 domains of functioning for intellectual disabilities (conceptual, social, practical)
Conceptual:
- mild: learning academic skills - reading, writing, math, time, money - support in one area
- moderate: slow language, academics at elementary level
- severe: limited, little understanding of language
- profound: physical world but no symbolic processes
Social :
- mild: immature social interactions, difficulty regulating emotions
- moderate: capacity for relationships but misinterprets social cues
- severe: limited to simple speech and gestures
- profound: non-verbal
Practical:
- mild: transportation, grocery shopping, medical care, money (can do ADLs)
- moderate: teaching needing for ADLs, ongoing support may be needed
- severe: support needed for all activities
- prodound: dependent on others for all things
what are general characteristics and causes for intellectual disabilities
Attention, memory, and decision making
- understanf and remember essential movement information
- decision making ability varies
- severe- impaired cognitive and language development
Motor development
- severe: more delays in developments
- delays in postural reflexes
- strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance
Postural development
- malalignment of the trunk or head
- protruding abdomen
- depth perception
- vestibular system
- equilibrium relfexes
Social development
- varies
Causes
- chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy 21, fragile X syndrome)
- genetic metabolic disorders: amino acid disorders (PKU), carbohydrate disorder
- brain formation abnormalities: anencephaly, microcephalus, hydrocephalus
- perinatal causes: drug/alcohol use, malnutrition, abnormal labor/delivery, neonatal - head trauma at birth, intracranial hemorrhage, infection
- pronatal causes: head injury, infection, degenerative disorder, seizure disorder
Socioeconomic and environmental factors: lead/mercury poisoning, child abuse/neglect, malnutrition, poverty
what is trisomy 21
downsyndrome
failure of chromosome pair 21 to seperate properly resulting in 3 chromosomes instead of 2 (overall 47 chromosomes rather than 46)
what are post and perinatal problems
perinatal problems:
- drug/alcohol use
- malnutrition
- abnormal labor/delivery
- neonatal: head trauma at birth, intracranial hemorrhage, infection
Postnatal cuases (anytime before age 18)
- head injuries
- infections
- degenerative disorders
- seizure disorder
