Chapter One: Abnormal Behavior and History- exam 1 Flashcards
Define abnormal psychology
also known as psychopathology, it focuses on behaviors that are atypical or unexpected.
Define psychology
The study of thought processes behind serious emotional problems
when is behavior considered abnormal
4 D’s of abnormality
dysfunction
distress
deviance
dangerousness
Define Culture
a system of knowledge, concepts, rules, and practices. It is learned and transmitted across generations; open, dynamic, and changeable; helps you create your own identity and make sense of experience; present day individuals are exposed to multiple cultures
it includes: language, family structure and life cycle stages, customs, moral and legal systems
what is culture bound disorder
the culture may specify: the disorder, the presumed cause of the disorder, and treatment
the culture may provide: particular stressors that may precipitate and episode, or supports that provide resilience
what is cultural relativsm
the belief that behaviors can only be laeled normal or abnormal relative to the cultural norms
positive: cultural norms paly a big part in determining abnormal v normal, which respects different cultures
negative: dangers arise when norms are used to control or silence individuals or violate basic moral principles
What is Koro
episode of sudden and intense anxiety that genitalia will shrink and retract into the body; possibly resulting in death.
Frequent in China and Chinese speaking countries and peoples (Asia)
related to Shen-k’uei of dhat - loss of vital life force connected to loss of semen
frequently comorbid with other disorders (depression, anxiety, somatic symptom disorder, PTSD)
What is shen k’uei of dhat
‘semen loss syndrome’ loss of vital life force connected to loss of semen.
Ancient chinese medicine believed semen production was located near kdineys; therefore, semen could be lost through urination or excessive intercourse
what is kayak angst
In Eskimo tribes (esp. Inuit) or Greenlanders, intense fear felt by a person alone in kayak.
decreased level of consciosness, confusion, dizziness and ‘perceptual distortions’
many doubt their boating abilities during the episode and fear drowning
what is Taijin kyofusho
“interpersonal fear disorder”
Japenese culture bound social phobia. Belief that one’s appearance & actions are offensive to others. Fear of displeasing others with bodily functions or appearance.
What is unusual about the Toraja tribe of Indonesia
Dressing of the Dead
keep bodies of dead in their home. As long as they are home, they are just sick, not dead. Shows love and respect for ancestors.
After a funeral, every few years, may remove body from coffin, clean and rederess.
differences between the supernatural model, biological model, and psychosocial model
Supernatural model: Causes - divine intervention, demonic possession, curses, personal sin. Treatment- exorcisom; religious rituals, sacrifices. Confession; atonement: apologize for sina
Biological model: Causes- a disease process; breakdown of bodily systems (neurotransmitters, neurons, connectivity, tumors). Treatments- restore body functions, drugs, surgery
Pyscholosocial model: Causes- beliefs, coping styles. Life events (trauma, chronic stress, bereavement). Treatment- change of environment, cognitive restructuring
define the ancient view of demenology
Mental illness was a result of being possessed by an evil spirit or punishment from God. The treatment was by priest or shaman (exorcism or sacrifice)
define ancient view of displeasure of the gods
most average Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Romans though abnormal affliction was an affliction from the gods. Those afflicted retreasted to temples honoring the god Aesculapius, where priests held healing ceremonies
ancient view: exorcism/sacrifice
typical treatment for abnormality – driving the spirits away from the body of the suffering person. Goal was to make body an uncomfortable place for the spirits to reside. Sometimes the person throught to be possessed by evil spirits would simply be killed
what was trephaning
drilling holes in the skull of a person displaying abnormal behavior to allow the spirits to depart.
what did plato believe
insanity arose when the rational mind was overcome by impulse, passion, or appetite. Sanity could be regained through a disscussion withthe individual that was designed to restore rational control over emotions
rooted in nature/genetics/inherited
what did aristotle believe
scholar/philosopher
student of plato
studied life by observing it (like skinner, thorndike, and the other behaviorists)
rooted in nurture/ environment or experience
what organ did hippocrates believe cause mental disorders
Something wrong with the body disturbs thought and action. Mental illness was due to organ malfunction - the organ of the brain. (phrenitis: brain fever)
what were the four greek humors
blood
phlegm
black bile
yellow bile
middle ages: what point of view of returns
Supernatural belief (witchcraft)
what groups addressed mental disorders besides physcians
Religious/ spiritual groups
Demenology in the middle ages
witchcraft and satanism
define witchcraft in the middle ages
historians believe people accused of witchcraft must have been mentally ill. People would confess to talking with the devil, flying on the backs of animals, and engaging in false behaviors as well as delusions and other hallucinations
define delusion
false beliefs
define hallucination
unreal perceptual experiences
St. Marys Bethelehem (bedlam)
most famous mental hospital. Fomous for its deplorable conditions.
who was phillipe pinel
A leader of the movement for moral treatment for people with abnormality - a french physician. Believed that many forms of abnormality could be cured by restoring patients’ dignity and tranquilty
who was jean-baptise pussin
helped establish more humane treatment of patients. worked with philipe pinele to implement moral treatments
Who was Dorothea Dix
retired school teacher who taught Sunday school in jails. Was a major lobbyist for mental health care reform. Her efforts led to the passage of laws and appropriations to fund the cleanup of mental hospitals and the training of mental health professionals.
she helped establish more than 30 mental health institutions.
What was Tuke’s retreat
William Tuke opened an asylum in england called the retreat in response to the brutal treatment he saw being delivered at other mental health facilities
Who was Benjamin Rush
one of the founders of American psychiatry, he believed that abnormal behavior was caused by excessive blood in the brain and prescribed bleeding the patient
What is somatogenic perspective
abnormality is a result of physical factors, such as brain injury and chemical imbalances
Who was Emil Kraplin
he developed a classification system for metnal disorders
Who was Wundt and what did he call his approach
Medical doctor and professor of biology in Germany. Created the 1st psychology lab. Applied scientific method to psychology (apple example)
who was Dr. Mesmer & mesmerize
believed that people had magnetic fluid in their body, and that health had to do with the distribution of the fluid in their body. His method was known as mesmerism.
His “cures” were attributed to the tancelike state that he seemed to induce in his patients (later labeled hypnosis)
who was Charcot
head of La Salpetiere Hospital and the leading neurologist of his time. He argued hysteria was caused by degredation of the brain. He advanced psychological perspectives on abnormality.
He caused hysteria to be viewed as an illness of disorder of the mind
His famous student was Freud.
Did many experiments with hypnotizing
Who was Breuer
Vienna Physician.
Did work with Anna O. - hysterical conversion symptoms
cure lasted longer if patient recalled and talked about original event under hypnosis
Cathartic Method
What is catharsis
talking about patients under hypnosis led to a great upwelling and release of emotion
Frued (psychoanalysis)
Developed psychoanalysis to treat psychological disorders by exposing and interpreting unconscious tensions.
he treated diseases of the nervous system and also developed free association
dream interpretation and slips of the tongue
ID, EGO, SuperEgo
Pavlov
Associative or classical conditioning
standard for treatment of laboratory animals
developed methods and theories for understanding behaviors in terms of stimuli and responses rather than in terms of the internal workings of the unconscious mind.
dogs could be conditioned to salvate when presented with a stimuli other than food
Watson
inspired by pavlov
studied important human behaviors, ushc as phobias, in terms of classical conditioning. rejected biological theories of abnormality and blamed it solely on individuals history of conditioning.
focused only on behavior that could be observed and the environment, Little Albert experiment
Skinner
studied the effects of reinforcement on behavior
skinner box
operant conditioning
behaviorist
studied how consequences of behavior shape their likelihood of recurrence
Ramon y Cajal
spanish scientist who first stained and identified the whole neuron
postulated to synapse
Lowei
discovered the first neurotransmitter which is now known as acetylcholine
Pierre Paul Broca
discovered specific brain areas are for specific functions
- Emotions in Le Grande Lobe Limbic
- Speech production area in left frontal lobe
who was Wilder Penfield
neurosurgeon who helped expand the methods and techniques of brain surgery including mapping functions of various regions of the brain
When did psychology emerge as an independent discipline
1879???
What are the goals pyschology
to describe, explain, predict, and change or control behaviors
why people act (behavior), feel (affect), and think (cognition) as they do.
what is APA (american psychological association) responsible for
- publishes the ‘publication manual’
- fosters research
- founded in 1892
APA (american psychiatric association) responsible for
- publishes the DSM-5
- ‘medical specialty’ organization
- care & treatment
what is the DSM-5
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
- describes symptoms, features, and gives incidence
- is the authority
- in line with WHOs ICD-10
what is a clinical psychologist
- Ph.D. or PsyD
- Dr of philosophy – research focus
- Dr of psychology – clinical and therapy focus
- master’s degree (counselors): counseling and assessment
Counseling psychologist
masters degree
what is a psychiatrist
medical degree (MD) first, then psychiatric residency
can prescribe medications
pyschiatirc nurses
have a degree in nursing, with a specialization in the treatment of people with severe psychological problems
marriage and family therapists
(MFT) specialize in helping families. couples, and children overcome problems that are interfering with their well-being
pyschiatric social workers
have a masters degree in social work adn often focus on helping people with pyschological problems overcome social conditions that are contributing to their problems
Psy.D.
doctoral degree from a grad program that emphasizes clinical training more than research training
Ph.D.
clinical psychologists – a specialization in treating and researching pyschopathology
M.D.
psychiatrists – have an MD degree and have recieved specialized training in the treatment of psychological disorders. can prescribe medication and preform psychotherapy.
How has technology influeced mental health
it is used to deliver mental health care with promising effectiveness. Led to a major transformation in the way mental health interventions are delivered
