Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
characterized by abnormalities in brain development affecting emotion, learning, ability, self-control, and memory that unfold as a person grows
neurodevelopmental disorders
A disorder that appears before adulthood. It is characterized by an individual’s significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors, for example, self-help, communication, or interpersonal skills
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
Special education services in public schools
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance
Intellectual disability
The diagnosis used for individuals who are 5 years of age or younger and fail to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning
Global developmental delay
This diagnosis applies to individuals who are 5 years of age or older but cannot participate in assessment procedures because of sensory or physical impairments (blind, deaf, severe behavior problems)
Unspecified intellectual disability
A neurodevelopmental disorder where severity differs from person to person. Characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some instances, cognitive delays
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A developmental disorder that affects the areas of social skills, behavior, and communication. The key behaviors that distinguish this disorder are inattention or lack of focus, executive functioning difficulties, impulsivity, and hyperactivity beyond what is to be expected of a person’s normal developmental age
Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)
A disorder that affects the individual’s ability to communicate to the extent that it interferes with school, work, or even relationships
Communication disorder
Key features of this disorder are difficulties in learning and using language that involve the processing of linguistic information due to deficits in comprehension or production
Language disorder
Describes those who have problems with pronunciation and articulation to the extent that they interfere with being understood or prevent verbal communication
Speech sound disorder
Knowing the speech sounds
Phonological knowledge
The ability to coordinate the jaw, tongue, and lips
Movements of the articulation
Frequent, persistent, and marked instances of stuttering that causes problems for the individual such as anxiety about speaking, limited effective communication, or impact on social participation or job performances (any combination)
Childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
Difficulties in social use of verbal (and nonverbal) communication that affect social participation, relationships, academic achievement, or job performance (any combination)
Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
Reserved for those who have symptoms of a communication disorder but who do not meet all criteria and whose symptoms cause distress or impairment
Unspecified communication disorder
Difficulties learning and using academic skills and affects a child’s ability to acquire and apply reading, writing, and/or math skills
Specific learning disorder
Struggling with decoding words, understanding the meaning of what is read, spelling, and expressing him or herself in writing
Dyslexia
Struggling with doing calculations and mastering mathematical reasoning
Dyscalculia
A new subcategory of the neurodevelopmental disorders and includes developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and the tic disorders including Tourette’s syndrome
Motor disorders
Also known as dyspraxia or by the pejorative term, clumsy child syndrome. The essential feature is impaired skills requiring motor coordination; for instance, it is hard for a child to use scissors, ride a bike, and/or participate in sports on team activities in school
Developmental coordination disorder
Involves repetitive, nonfunctional motor behaviors (for example, hand waving or head banging) that markedly interferes with normal activities or can result in bodily injury
Stereotypic movement disorder
Distinguished by the presence of motor and/or vocal tics and organized around the categories of Tourette’s disorder (also known as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome), persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder, provisional tic disorder, and other specified and unspecified tic disorders
Tic disorders
Of short duration and include eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, and extension of the extremities; simple vocal tics include throat clearing, sniffing, and grunting
simple motor tics
Lasts longer and can include a combination of simple tics such as simultaneous head turning and shoulder shruging.
complex motor tics
A complex motor tic that can appear purposeful, such as an obscene gesture
Copropraxia
A complex motor tic that is a tic-like imitation of another’s movements
Echopraxia
A complex vocal tic that includes repeating one’s own sounds or words
Palilalia
A complex vocal tic that includes repeating the last heard word or phrase of another
Echolalia
A complex vocal tic that includes uttering socially unaccepted words like obscenities, racial slurs, and the like. This is distinguished from usual speech patterns by an abrupt, sharp bark or grunting presentation
Coprolalia
