Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

characterized by abnormalities in brain development affecting emotion, learning, ability, self-control, and memory that unfold as a person grows

Answer 1

neurodevelopmental disorders

Question 2

A disorder that appears before adulthood. It is characterized by an individual’s significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in adaptive behaviors, for example, self-help, communication, or interpersonal skills

Answer 2

Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)

Question 3

Special education services in public schools

Answer 3

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Question 4

Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance

Answer 4

Intellectual disability

Question 5

The diagnosis used for individuals who are 5 years of age or younger and fail to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning

Answer 5

Global developmental delay

Question 6

This diagnosis applies to individuals who are 5 years of age or older but cannot participate in assessment procedures because of sensory or physical impairments (blind, deaf, severe behavior problems)

Answer 6

Unspecified intellectual disability

Question 7

A neurodevelopmental disorder where severity differs from person to person. Characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some instances, cognitive delays

Answer 7

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 8

A developmental disorder that affects the areas of social skills, behavior, and communication. The key behaviors that distinguish this disorder are inattention or lack of focus, executive functioning difficulties, impulsivity, and hyperactivity beyond what is to be expected of a person’s normal developmental age

Answer 8

Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD)

Question 9

A disorder that affects the individual’s ability to communicate to the extent that it interferes with school, work, or even relationships

Answer 9

Communication disorder

Question 10

Key features of this disorder are difficulties in learning and using language that involve the processing of linguistic information due to deficits in comprehension or production

Answer 10

Language disorder

Question 11

Describes those who have problems with pronunciation and articulation to the extent that they interfere with being understood or prevent verbal communication

Answer 11

Speech sound disorder

Question 12

Knowing the speech sounds

Answer 12

Phonological knowledge

Question 13

The ability to coordinate the jaw, tongue, and lips

Answer 13

Movements of the articulation

Question 14

Frequent, persistent, and marked instances of stuttering that causes problems for the individual such as anxiety about speaking, limited effective communication, or impact on social participation or job performances (any combination)

Answer 14

Childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)

Question 15

Difficulties in social use of verbal (and nonverbal) communication that affect social participation, relationships, academic achievement, or job performance (any combination)

Answer 15

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Question 16

Reserved for those who have symptoms of a communication disorder but who do not meet all criteria and whose symptoms cause distress or impairment

Answer 16

Unspecified communication disorder

Question 17

Difficulties learning and using academic skills and affects a child’s ability to acquire and apply reading, writing, and/or math skills

Answer 17

Specific learning disorder

Question 18

Struggling with decoding words, understanding the meaning of what is read, spelling, and expressing him or herself in writing

Answer 18

Dyslexia

Question 19

Struggling with doing calculations and mastering mathematical reasoning

Answer 19

Dyscalculia

Question 20

A new subcategory of the neurodevelopmental disorders and includes developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and the tic disorders including Tourette’s syndrome

Answer 20

Motor disorders

Question 21

Also known as dyspraxia or by the pejorative term, clumsy child syndrome. The essential feature is impaired skills requiring motor coordination; for instance, it is hard for a child to use scissors, ride a bike, and/or participate in sports on team activities in school

Answer 21

Developmental coordination disorder

Question 22

Involves repetitive, nonfunctional motor behaviors (for example, hand waving or head banging) that markedly interferes with normal activities or can result in bodily injury

Answer 22

Stereotypic movement disorder

Question 23

Distinguished by the presence of motor and/or vocal tics and organized around the categories of Tourette’s disorder (also known as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome), persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder, provisional tic disorder, and other specified and unspecified tic disorders

Answer 23

Tic disorders

Question 24

Of short duration and include eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, and extension of the extremities; simple vocal tics include throat clearing, sniffing, and grunting

Answer 24

simple motor tics

Question 25

Lasts longer and can include a combination of simple tics such as simultaneous head turning and shoulder shruging.

Answer 25

complex motor tics

Question 26

A complex motor tic that can appear purposeful, such as an obscene gesture

Answer 26

Copropraxia

Question 27

A complex motor tic that is a tic-like imitation of another’s movements

Answer 27

Echopraxia

Question 28

A complex vocal tic that includes repeating one’s own sounds or words

Answer 28

Palilalia

Question 29

A complex vocal tic that includes repeating the last heard word or phrase of another

Answer 29

Echolalia

Question 30

A complex vocal tic that includes uttering socially unaccepted words like obscenities, racial slurs, and the like. This is distinguished from usual speech patterns by an abrupt, sharp bark or grunting presentation

Answer 30

Coprolalia