Neurodegenerative Disease

Question 1

Dementia vs. delirium

Answer 1

Dementia striahgt line down

Delirium may be up and down

Question 2

Dementia labs

Answer 2

Blood count for anemia 
B12 
Thyroid and ovarian hormones 
Infections 
AI

Question 3

Clinical manifestations of AD

Answer 3

Early recent memory decline
Loss of spontanetity and intitiative
Eventually trouble finding words, diminsed interests
Late - aparthetic, needs assitance

Question 4

Risk factors of AD

Answer 4

Age 
Genetic (APP, presinilin 1 and 2)...autodominant and early onset
Apolipoprotein E-4 (late onset)
Low edu
Head injury

Question 5

AD criteria

Answer 5

Tangles
Neuritic amyloid plaques
Abeta amyloid plaques

Question 6

Tangles vs. plaques

Answer 6

Tanges - intracell

Amyloid plaques - extra

Question 7

Conversion of tau into tangles

Answer 7

Tau is with MTs…can become tangled

First affect HC and amygdala

Question 8

Amyloid (neuritic) plauqes

Answer 8

Made of polymers of part of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP)

Question 9

Amyloid cascade hypothesis

Answer 9

Amyloid plaques are intitial event in AD that eventually cause the tangles

Question 10

Excitotoxic hypothesis

Answer 10

Impaired glutamate homeostasis leads to NMDA activatiojn…excess Ca…neuron death from chronic insult…decreased memory and learning

Question 11

Alpha synuclein

Answer 11

Predominantly expressed in neurons (esp presynaptic temrinals)

Question 12

DLB core features and supportive

Answer 12

Flucutating cog impairment with variations in attention and alertness
Recurrent visual halllucinations
Parkinsonism

Falls
Loss of consciousness
Neuroleptic sensitivity
Systematized delusions 
Non-visual haluciatiins

Question 13

PD demographics

Answer 13

Age-associated
Males>females
Onset at 58-62

Question 14

Extrapyramidal symptoms of PD

Answer 14

Rigidity
Akinesia
Tremor
Dysarthria

Question 15

Risk for parkinsons

Answer 15

Age
RUral
Genetics
Male

Question 16

FTD big three changes

Answer 16

Bahvioral and perosnalithy changes, emoitonla changes, disinhibiton

Lack of insight and judgement

Language dissolution

Question 17

FTD vs FTLD

Answer 17

Frontotemporal dementia - clinical

Frontotemprol lobar degenerations - pathological

Question 18

HD onset age and lcinical findings

Answer 18

35-40

Chorea, dementia, personality changes

Question 19

Biochem of HD

Answer 19

Decreased GABA, GAD, CAT

Question 20

HD genetics

Answer 20

HD - 36-121 CAG repeats in huntingtin gene on chr 4

Question 21

HD gross

Answer 21

Erosion of head of caudate by expansion of lateral ventricle horns

Question 22

ALS

Answer 22

LMN - muscle atrophy,, fasciculations, loss of reflexes

UMN - spasticity, hyperreflexia, patho reflexes

Question 23

ALS patho

Answer 23

Degeneration of anterior root of spinal cord (motor only)…corticospinal tract

Question 24

Spinocerebellar ataxias

Answer 24

Will affect the DCML but leave the motor alone

Question 25

AD 
LBD 
FTD
HD
ALS 

Clinical, specific, NT, NA, Protein

Answer 25

AD - dementia, memory, Ach, HC, Nucleus of meynert, Beta-App and tau

LBD - Movement, tremor, dopmaine, substantia nigra and MB, alpha synuclein

FTD - dementia, disinhibition, Tau and others

HD - incapcity, chorea, basal ganglia (specifically caudate), huntingin

ALS - weakness, fasciulations, motor neurons in spinal cord AND brain, superoxide dismutates