Basal Ganglia

Question 1

4 nuclei

Answer 1

striatum
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra

Question 2

Rostral to caudal

Answer 2

Striatium
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Question 3

Striatum neurons and 3 subdivisions

Answer 3

GABA

Caudate (dorsal) - head (anterior horn), body (body of lat horn), tail (inf horn)

Putamen (dorsal stritum)

Nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum)

Question 4

Caudate nuleus affarents and role

Answer 4

From the prefrontal cortex

Cognitive function and regulation of eye movements

Question 5

Putamen motor function and affarents

Answer 5

Voluntary movements

From Motor cortex and substantia nigra

Striped appearance is the internal cpausle

Question 6

Nucleus accumbens function and affarents

Answer 6

Limbic regulation of emotojs

From limbic cortex and VTA

Question 7

Globus pallidus and subdivisions

Answer 7

Medial to putamen and lateral to internal capsule

Use GABA

Medullary lamina separate them

Question 8

SN pars compacta

Answer 8

Use DA…dorsal part…contains neuromelanin

Question 9

SN pars reticulata

Answer 9

Ventral…GABA…functionally related to Gpi

Question 10

Subthalamic nucleus

Answer 10

Use glutamate as NT

Ventral to thalamus and dorsal to SNc/SNr

Question 11

Draw the huge pathway that is super important

Question 12

Direct vs indirect

Answer 12

Direct connects to GPi/SNr…indirect connects to GPe

Question 13

Lenticular fasciculus

Ansa lenticularis

Answer 13

Lenticular fasciculus - from the GPi to the subthalamic nucleus (Dorsal)

Ansa - ventrla form the GPI to the ventral

Question 14

Somatotropic organization

Answer 14

More ventral is face, then arm then leg moving dorsal

Question 15

ACA
MCA
PCA
and anterior choroidal arteyr supply

Answer 15

ACA - head of caudate
MCA - globus pallidus, putamen, and body of caudate via lateral striate (major)
PCA - substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
choroidal - branch of internal carotid and supply tail of caudate

Question 16

Damage to basal ganglia

Answer 16

Will show contralateral movement disorders

Question 17

Hemiballism, patho, cause, symptoms

Answer 17

Lesion of the STN
PCA stroke
Large amblitude movements

Due to decreased pallidal inhibtion of the thalamus

Question 18

HD etiology and pathology

Answer 18

Enlarged lateral ventricles

Gene encodes for Htt (chromosome 4)

3 CAG are abnormally repeated (36 s key number)

Degeneration of strato-pallidal neurons (GABA) to Gpi and GPe

Question 19

Symptoms and tx of HD

Answer 19

Motor (dyskinesia, chorea, movement of distal extremeities rapid)
Cognitive (ST memory)
Mood disorders (dep and anxiety)

None to stop progression…tetrabenzine is VMAT inhibitor

Question 20

HD in pathway and experimental tx

Answer 20

Indirect pathway is underactive compared to direct…leads to lack of inhibition of VA

RNAi tx…degrade the endogenous mRNA and decreased expression of protein

Question 21

PD pathology and neurochem

Answer 21

Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the SNc

Presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions called LEwy bodies containing alpha synuclein

> 80% depltion of striatal dopamine levels

Question 22

PD etiology and symptoms

Answer 22

Could be from MPTP

2 of 4 
Bradykinesia (shuffling gait)
Rigidity
Resting tremor 
Posture (stooped)

Others: Loss of smell and GI dysfuction are early signs

Question 23

Dopamine receptors

Answer 23

D1 (+) is direct pathway…depolariation of putamen-GPi/SNr neurons…increased GABA release ni GPi/SNr

D2 (-) is in indirect…hyperpolaization and decreased GABA release

Question 24

Parkinsons simple and tx

Answer 24

Overactivity of indirect pathway relative to direct means hypokinetic

L-dopa - DA mimietics - metabolic inhibitors

DBS of the STN

GDNF - neurontin pumps

RNAi to alpha synuclein mRNA