Neurobiology Flashcards
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal Cord
Anything incased in bone
Peripheral Nervous System
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Nervous System Function
6 Steps
Stimulus
Sensor receptor
input (afferent signals)
integration and processing (CNS)
output (efferent signals)
response (muscle contraction and gland secretion)
Nervous System Development
3 steps
Starts as a thickening in ectoderm (PLATE)
folds to form tube
cells at the edge of neural plate becoming the neutral crest
gyri
gives rise to ridges
sulci
grooves in the cerebral cortex
Parts of the neuron
Cell body - ATP production
Dendrites - receive incoming signals
Axon- conduct outgoing signals
Axon Terminal - releases chemical neurotransmitters
The Neuron
Function of the nervous system
Highly specialized and does not divide
3 types of neuron sensors
- sensory- detects environmental stimuli
- motor- relay information from the central nervous system to the EFFECTOR organs
- internernors- most common, found around CNS
Where is grey matter and white matter found
grey- mostly cell bodies and dendrites
white- mostly axons
Which one is grey and white matter
Blue: White matter
Pink: grey matter
Explain neuronal signaling
between cells and electrons
Signally between cells is chemical
Between electrons is electrical
Ion Chanel
Voltage Gate and Ligand Gates
Depolization
Resting membrane potential becomes less negative
ex: Na
Hyperpolarization
resting membrane potential becomes more negative
ex: Cl
Types of Neurotransmitters
Excitatory and Inhibitory
Astrocytes
structural support
part of blood brain barrier
oligodendrocytes
insulation of CNS neuron axons
Schwann Cells
Similar to oligodendrocytes but in peripheral nervous system
Ependymal Cells/Choroid Plexus
lines the ventricle and central canal
Microgila
Derived from precursors in yolk sac
important for phagocytosis of necrotic neural tissue
4 parts of the brain
prosencephalon (forebrain)
mescncphalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
spinal cord
parts of prosencephalon (forebrain)
telencephalon and diencephalon
parts of rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
mesencephalon and myelencephalon
parts of spinal cord
central canal
parts of mesencephalon and myelencephalon
4th ventricle
parts of mescncphalon (midbrain)
mesencephalic and aqueduct
parts of diencephalon
3rd ventricle
parts of telencephalon
lateral ventricles
parts of lateral ventricles (telencephalon)
cerebral cortex and hippocampus
parts of 3rd ventricle (diencephalon)
thalamus and hypothalamus
parts of mesencephalic and aqueduct
midbrain
parts of 4th ventricle (mesencephalon and myelencephalon)
metencephalon, post cerebellum, and medulla
Cerebral Cortex
Outermost and largest part of the brain
Higher level processing and integration of sensory stimuli and initation of motor response
Holoprosencephaly
undivided Cerebral Cortex
Lateral ventricles
ventricles 1 and 2
located within the cerebral hemispheres
hydrocephalus
left ventricle enlarges
Hippocampus
Function: learning and memory
sear horse shaped
Basal Ganglia
Function: voluntary control of moment and procedural learning
Found in: telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon
Thalamus
relay station for input to the cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
endocrine regulation, appetite and emotional behavior
3rd ventile
associated with diencephalon
Midbrain= mesencephalon functions (3)
cranial nerve reflexes
motor control
sleep/walk cycle
Mesencephalic aqueduct
connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
Cerebellum function
maintenance of posture and balance
Pons function
facial movement, hearing, balance, respiration, and sleep
medulla functions
breathing, blood pressure, respiration
4th ventricle
contacts aqueduct to central canal
spinal cord segments (3)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar