Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

studies FUNCTION at all levels works with ALL The “ologies” as the organism as intergated systems along with the RESPONSES

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The organism’s ability to adapt to internal (endogenous) or external (exogenous) environmental conditions and stay STABLE

Question 3

Basic Components of Feedback Control Systems

Answer 3

1. Sensor: monitors the level of activity of a system or some environmental condition. Communicates with the…
2. Integrator: receives information from the sensor, compares the info with a “set point” and communicates any adjustments to be made by…
3. Effector: makes any adjustments, up or down, needed to bring the activity or system to alignment with the set point

Question 4

Negative Feedback Systems

Answer 4

***controls most functions in physiologic systems
results of the feedback loop inhibit (inherently) stop the loop from continuing
Example: Blood pressure

Question 5

Positive Feedback Systems

Answer 5

***rare but important
accelerate/amplify changes
can promote instability
increase the level of activity of a process leading to it’s own occurence
Example: Ovulation

Question 6

Hierarchy or organization of animals

Answer 6

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

Question 7

3 features found of each level of organization

Answer 7

1. Communication among system components
2. Homeostatic mechanisms that draw upon stored regulatory information
3. Energy storage and utilization

Question 8

Major classes of Biomolecules

Answer 8

carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Question 9

Proteins

Answer 9

Monomer: amino acids
Poylmer: proteins, polypeptide
Bonded by: amide (peptide) bond
Components: carboxyl group, amino group, R group side chain
Functions: structural elements, enzymes, chemical messengers, energy source

Question 10

Nucleic Acids

Answer 10

Monomer: nucleotides
Poylmer: nucleotide chains
Bonded by: phosphodiester bonds
Components: nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group
Functions: information storage, energy intermediates, catalysts, structure

Question 11

Function of lipids

Answer 11

Solubility barriers (membranes), structure, chemical messengers, energy source

Question 12

Phospholipids

Answer 12

amphipathic molecules: hydrophobic fatty acid chain and hydrophilic polar head
Major components of membranes (phospholipid bilayer)

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

Monomer: monosaccharides
Poylmer: di-, oligo-, and poly saccharides
Bonded by: glycosidic bonds
Components:
Functions: fuel, energy storage, structure, cellular recognition, communication

Question 14

4 features of cells

Answer 14

• ability to sense and respond rapidly to the surrounding conditions
• ability to access stored info for longer term changes in characteristics
• need to generate and utilize forms of chemical energy
• ability to interact with their surroundings

Question 15

Distinguishing Features of Cells

Answer 15

function, size, shape, polarity, tissue adherence, responsiveness to specific stimuli, mitotic capacity, lifespan

Question 16

Cell Organelles

Answer 16

Nucleus, Rough ER, Ribosome, Proteasome, Mitochondria, Golgi Vesicle, Golgi Apparatus, Smooth ER, Lysosome, Peroxisome

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

***major site of energy metabolism
generate ATP, contain their own DNA

Question 18

Nucleus

Answer 18

*** information storage and retrieval
contains all information needed for DNA replication

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

***site of protein synthesis
made of specialized RNA and proteins
site for translation of mRNA

Question 20

Golgi apparatus

Answer 20

***protein modification, sorting, and export

Question 21

Proteasome

Answer 21

***degradation of non-functional or mis-folded proteins
Essential for the cell cycle, regulation of gene expression, response to chemical stressors

Question 22

Lysosomes

Answer 22

***degradation of internal and ingested material
housekeeping and defensive functions (dispose of organelles and protect against invaders)

Question 23

Plasma Membranes

Answer 23

***defines cell boundary
highly regulated solubility and permeability layer
allows for establishment of concentration gradients

Question 24

Simple Diffusion

Answer 24

passive, no energy used
*requires concentration gradient
passage of molecules to equalize concentration on each side of the cell membrane

Question 25

Facilitated Transport

Answer 25

*requires concentration gradient
movement aided by transport proteins
faster than diffusion

Question 26

Active Transport

Answer 26

requires use of energy
goes against concentration gradients
Primary: ATP hydrolysis occurs during transport events
Symport: both compounds move in the same direction
Antiport: compounds move in opposite direction

Question 27

Explain the role of energy expenditure in driving processes needed to maintain living systems

Answer 27

Energy must be expended in order to drive processes that maintain homeostasis

Question 28

The self associating and hydrophobic nature of lipids as a contributor to membrane function

Answer 28

allows the phospholipid layer to exist