Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Are cranial nerves part of the peripheral or central nervous system?
peripheral nervous system
What information do the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves carry?
Ventral roots: motor information (efferent fibers)
Dorsal roots: sensory information (afferent fibers)
What are the two times of ganglia?
- Sensory (dorsal root) ganglia
2. Autonomic ganglia
What 2 things does the Somatic Nervous System control?
- peripheral sensory fibers
2. motor nerve fibers
Lesions to what are of the brain can result in aggression, extreme fearfullness, altered sexual behavior, and changes in motivation?
Limbic system
Disorders like constipation, erectile dysfunction, Horner’s syndrome, vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and postural tachycardia syndrome are examples of disorders of what system?
Autonomic nervous system
What are the 3 major components of the brain?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
What are the components of the Forebrain?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
What is the largest division of the brain and consists of the cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala?
Telencephalon
What hemsiphere is responsible for language, analytics, mathematical calculations, and logic?
Left hemisphere
What hemisphere is responsible for nonverbal processing, artristic abilities, spatial relationships, and expressing negative emotions?
right hemisphere
Where is broca’s area located?
left frontal lobe typically
Damage to what hemisphere can lead to anosognosia? (lack of insight into illness)
Parietal non-dominant hemisphere (usually right hemisphere)
Damage to what hemisphere can lead to agraphia (inability to write), alexia (inability to read), and agnosia (inability to interpret sensory input AKA recognize things)?
Parietal dominant hemisphere
Wernickes area is typically loacated where?
Left hemisphere of temporal lobe
What lobe is the hippocampus in?
temporal
What structure is located adjacent to the hippocampus and is responsible for emotional and social processing?
amygdala
What area of the brain is beneath the cerebral hemispheres and contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus? Area where major motor and sensory tracts synapse?
Diencephalon
What is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them.results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain
Apraxia (“dyspraxia” if mild)
What structure is a relay or processing station for the majority of information that goes to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
What structure recieves and integrates information from the autonomic nervous system and assists in regulating hormones? Located below the thalamus at the base of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
What structure is located in the diencephalon and is important for regulating movemetns produced by skeletal muscles?
subthalamus
What is primarily represented by the pineal gland and secretes melatonin?
Epithalamus
What serves as the connection between the forebrain and hindbrain?
Midbrain
What is a reflex center for visual, auditory, and tactile responses?
midbrain
What are the 3 components of the hindbrain?
Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Damage to what area may produce ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, hypermetria, poor coordination,and deficits in postural reflexes, balance, and equilibrium?
Cerebellum
What are of the brain regulates respiration rate and is assoicated with the orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli?
Pons
What 2 cranial nerves originate from the Pons?
V
and
VIII
What 4 cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata?
IX, X, XI, XII
What 2 pairs of arterties form the Circle of Willis?
two internal carotid arteries
Two vertebral arteries
Issues with the Anterior cerebral artery could lead to involvement of which motor and sensory areas of the body?
contralateral lower extremity and sensory involvement
Damage to what artery can lead to behavioral inhibition, neglect, sphasia, apraxia, agraphia, perseveration, and akinetic mutism (tend not to move or speak)?
Anterior Cerebral Artery
What supplies the anterior frontal lobe and medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes?
Anterior Cerebral Artery
What areas of sensation and motor function are lost with a middle cerebral artery infarct?
contralateral face and upper extremity
An infarct to which artery would result in contralateral pain and temperature sensory loss, contralateral hemiplegia, ataxia, thalamic pain syndrome, anomia,hemibalismus alexia, and visual agnosia?
posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
What artery supplies the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, and thalamus?
vertebral-basilar artery
Infarct to what area can produce Wernicke’s or Broca’s aphasia?
middle cerebral aphasia
What artery damage could produce thalamic pain syndrome and cortical blindness?
Posterior cerebral artery
Damage to what artery can lead to locked in syndrome, coma, or wallenberg syndrome?
Vertebral-basilar artery
What condition is characterized by ipsilateral facial pain and temperature impairment, ipsilateral ataxia, vertigo, contralateral pain and temperature impairment of the body secondary to lateral medullary infarct?
Wallenberg Syndrome
what are the 3 layers of the meninges form the outer to innermost layer?
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia
Brudzinski’s sign (flexion of neck facilitates flexion of hips and knees) and Kernig’s sign (pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension) are indicative of what MEDICAL EMERGENCY?
Meningitis
What is the area between teh skull and outer dura matera and the area between the dura mater and periosteum of the vertebrae?
epidural space
What is the are between teh arachnoid and pia mater that contains CSF and circulatory stystem for the cerbral cortex?
Subarachnoid space
What is syringomyelia?
excess CSF in spinal cord
Where does the spinal cord end?
at conus medullaris between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves originate?
sympathetic: lateral horn of thoracic spinal cord
parasympathetic: lateral gray matter of sacral level of spinal cord
What is a breif gap in myelination of an axon to faciliate rapid conduction of a nerve?
nodes of ranvier
What are peripheral nerve fibers are large, myelinated, a nd have a high conduction rate?
A fibers
What are 4 types of A fibers in the peripheral nervous sytem?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
What peripheral nerve fibers are medium, myelinated nadn are preganglionic fibers of the autonomic system?
B fibers
What peripheral nerve fibers are small, unmyelinated, slow, and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system?
C fibers
