Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Label the following image
Have a look where primary motor and primary sensory areas are.
What develops from the following:
- Prosencephalon,
- Mesencephalon,
- Rhombencephalon
- Prosencephalon - Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus.
- Mesencephalon - Midbrain.
- Rhombencephalon - Pons, cerebellum and medulla
Label the following image
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
Connects the two hemispheres
What are the components of the limbic system and their function?
Components - Cingulate gyrus (involved in emotions response to pain), amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus)
Functions can be remembered via 5 F’s - Feeding (hunger), forgetting (memory), fighting (emotional response), family (sexual reproduction and maternal instincts) and fornicating (sexual arosal)
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
- Production of hormones (lots of release hormones)
- Regulation of thirst and water intake, hunger, body temperature, sexual drive.
What are the components of the basal ganglia and the function?
Components - Caudate nucleus, putamen, Globus pallidum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra.
Role - Their main function is Fine tuning of movements so they are smoother and more precise. They also play a role in emotional responses
What is the function of the thalamus?
- It is the major relay station for motor and sensory input.
- It also regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness
What produces cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexuses in the lateral ventricles. The fluid then moves during REM sleep
Lesions where will cause the following visual loss?
A. Monocular vision loss.
B. Bitemporal hemianopia.
C. Contralateral homonymous Hemianopia.
D. Contralateral superior quadrantanopia.
E. Contralateral inferior quadrantanopia
A. - Lesion in the optic nerve. This is before the optic chiasm so will result in the complete loss of vision from one eye.
B - Lesion at the optic chiasm as this is where the visual information from the medial retina crosses over (remeber medial retina recieves information from lateral visual feild).
C - This can be caused by a lesion at the optic tract (after optic chiasm) OR a lesion of the entire primary visual cortex. This will result in a loss in information in either right/left visual feild in both eyes. Remember information info goes to oposite side of brain.
D - Lesion to the Meyers loop which is found in the temporal lobe.
E. Partial lesion of the optic radiation in the parietal lobe.
What are the different areas of the brain involved in speech
Wernicke’s area - Located in the temporal lobe near the area responsible responsible for verbal memory. It is responsible for speech comprehension. Hense a lesion results in loss of comprehension.
Arcuate fasciculus - connects Wernicke’s and brocas area.
Broca’s area - responsible for speech production. Has connections with bulbar muscles to generate speech. Lesion will result in abnormal speech but patient is Bothered because they still have comprehension
What information is carried in the posterior and anterior root of the spinal nerves?
Posterior spinal nerve root - carries sensory information.
Anterior spinal root - carries motor information (A for Action)
What information is carried in the following areas of the spinal cord:
- Fasciculus gracilis,
- Fasciculus cuneatus,
-Spinocerebellar tract,
- Lateral corticospinal tract,
- Spinothalamic tract,
- Anterior corticospinal tract
- Fasciculus gracilis - fine touch, vibration and proprioception from ipsilateral lower limb)
- Fasciculus cuneatus - fine touch, vibration and proprioception from ipsilateral upper limb)
- Spinocerebellar tract - Proprioception from limbs to cerebellum.
- Lateral corticospinal tract - Motor to ipsilateral anterior horn (mostly limb)
- Spinothalamic tract - Pain and temperature from contralateral side.
- Anterior corticospinal tract - Motor to ipsi/contra-lateral anterior horn (mostly axial)
Explain the transport of light tough, vibration and proprioception sensory information to the brain.
- Sensory information travels into the dorsal column in the spinal cord. The information then crosses (decussates) in the brainstem and travel then travels up to somatosensory cortex.
- A spinal cord lesion will therefore result in light touch, vibration and proprioception loss on the ipsilateral side below the lesion.
Explain the transport of pain and temperature information to the brain
- Sensory information travels into dorsal horn of grey mater of spinal cord and synapse. The fibres then decussate and travel up in the spinothalamic tract of the contralateral side of the spinal cord.
- Pain makes you cross and these fibres are quick to corss.
- Therefore a spinal cord lesion will result in loss of pain and temperature on the contralateral side
