Disease and Diagnosis

Question 1

What is Sequelae?

Answer 1

Complications of a disease

Question 2

What are the levels of magnification?

Answer 2

• Gross
• Light microscopy
• Electron microscopy
• Molecular and cell biology

Question 3

What are the different broad tissue types?

Answer 3

• Epithelial (squamous, glandular and solid organs)
• Connective tissue (Fibrous, BVs, fat, muscle, bone and cartilage)
• Haemato-lymphoid,
• Neuro-glial

Question 4

What are some possible categories of causes of disease?

Answer 4

VITAMIN CDEF
- Vascular
- Infection/inflammatory
- Trauma,
- Autoimmune,
- Metabolic,
- Idiopathic/iatrogenic,
- Neoplastic,
- Congenital
-Degenerative/developmental,
- Environmental/ endocrine
- Function
(This systematic approach makes it unlikely to miss a diagnosis)

Question 5

Define:
Pathology,
Disease.

Answer 5

• Pathology is the study of disease
• Disease is the combination of the causative agent and the body’s response to it

Question 6

What does cellular pathology consist of?

Answer 6

• Autopsy,
• Histopathology (tissues)
• Cytopathology (cells)

Question 7

Give some examples of pathology specimens

Answer 7

• Cytology samples (smears and aspirates)
• Small tissue biopsies (Prostate chips, bladder chips, punch biopsies)
• Excision Biopsy (skin lesions)
• Resections

Question 8

What happens to a specimen one it is sent to the pathology lab

Answer 8

• Specimens placed in formalin and then the specimen is identified (patient and specimen type) and triaged on urgency.
  Pathologists examine gross and macroscopic specimens. Smaller specimens are trimmed and moved through graded alcohols and imbedded in wax. The tissue is then placed into a cassette and microtome for sectioning. The sections are floated onto a water bath to smooth out section and then mounted onto a glass slide.
• Sections are placed into autostainer to be stained with H&E staining
• The cases are quality and ID checked then allocated to pathologists. More stains may be required

Question 9

What is H&E staining and special staining?

Answer 9

• Haematoxylin (stains nuclei dark blue)
• Eosin (Stains cytoplasm pink)
• Special staining is used to demonstrate particular features (Mucin, elastic tissue, depositions and infections (gram staining))

Question 10

What is immunohistochemistry?

Answer 10

Staining technique which uses antibodies which are specific for antigens and yields brown staining of specific proteins.
Can be used in tumour diagnosis and classification, prediction of cancer prognosis and best treatment, and diagnosis of infectious disease

Question 11

What are some methods of carrying out molecular pathology investigations?

Answer 11

• PCR,
• FISH
  -NGS