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A+P II > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The ventricles of the brain, like the paranasal sinuses, are air-filled spaces lined with mucosa.

A

False

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2
Q

T/F Ventricles 3 & 4 are large, C-shaped (ram’s-horn shaped) ventricles occupying some odd the deeper parts of the forebrain.

A

False

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3
Q

The ____ divides the front lobe from the parietal lobe.

A

central sulcus, a prominent cerebral landmark

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4
Q

The ___ divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

A

longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

The many grooves of the cerebrum are called ____.

A

sulci

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6
Q

The many outward folds of the cerebrum are called ____.

A

gyri

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7
Q

The ___ divides the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe.

A

lateral sulcus, another prominent cerebral landmark

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8
Q

The ___ is a canal connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles.

A

cerebral aqueduct

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9
Q

The ___ form a series of hollow, interconnected chambers deep within the brain, remnants of the neural tube.

A

ventricles

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10
Q

T/F A person with damage to his/her visual association area would be able to see the world around him/her but would have difficulty assigning meaning to the images s/he sees (e.g. difficulty recognizing that large, greenish “cone on a stick” as a pine tree).

A

True

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11
Q

T/F The cerebral cortex is about 3 mm thick and accounts for about 5 perfect of the brain mass.

A

False

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12
Q

T/F “Cerebral dominance” designates the brain hemisphere opposite to that which primarily contains the language abilities; thus a “left-brained” individual would primarily process language in his/her right hemisphere.

A

False

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13
Q

T/F The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.

A

True

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14
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex lies on the ___.

A

postcentral gyrus

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15
Q

The primary motor cortex lies on the ____.

A

precentral gyrus

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16
Q

The ___ tracts are large bundles of axons from voluntary motor neurons which are descending down the brainstem and spinal cord; aka corticospinal tracts.

A

pyramidal tracts

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17
Q

The ____ is a fifth lobe of the brain; it is not visible on the cerebral surface.

A

insula

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18
Q

___ are large neurons originating in the primary motor cortex and descending the spinal cord; these neurons allow us conscious control of our muscles.

A

Pyramidal cells

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19
Q

___ are speech impediments resulting from damage to language centers such as Broca’s area.

A

Aphasias

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20
Q

The largest areas of the motor cortex are those devoted to the ____.

A

hands and face

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21
Q

T/F The basal nuclei are composed of several masses of gray matter located deep in the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A

False

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22
Q

T/F Basal nuclei play a complex role in the control of movement, including inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body and inhibition of useless or unwanted movement.

A

True

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23
Q

T/F Disorders of the basal nuclei result in disturbances in movement, as exemplified by Parkinson disease, a disorder involving functionally related nuclei in the midbrain.

A

True

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24
Q

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers are referred to as ____.

A

white matter

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25
Q

The ___ is the only one of the listed brain areas that is NOT a basal nucleus.

A

thalamus

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26
Q

T/F Although a well-known phenomenon in the plant world, it is also true that humans respond internally to the dark-light cycles in the world around them, using part of our visual apparatus and our diencephalon.

A

True

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27
Q

The ___ contains the thirst and satiety centers of the brain.

A

hypothalamus

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28
Q

The ___ releases the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate our wake-sleep cycle.

A

pineal gland

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29
Q

The ___ is intimately involved in control of body functions like heart rate and vomiting, and is also involved with our emotional state.

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

T/F The brainstem consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A

False

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31
Q

T/F Although it has a few important nuclei, the pons is largely composed of conduction tracts moving information up/down the CNS or into/out of the cerebellum.

A

True

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32
Q

The ___ is the region of the brain where the decussation of the pyramids is located.

A

medulla

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33
Q

The ___ is a nucleus in the midbrain that is intimately involved with Parkinson disease, a neurodegenerative disorder.

A

substantia nigra

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34
Q

What best describes the consequence of the decussation of the pyramids?

A

The right side of the brain controls the skeletal muscles on the left side of the body, and vice versa.

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35
Q

T/F The cerebellum receives sensory information about the body’s location in space, and contains many motor neurons to continually adjust the body’s motions.

A

False; no motor neurons in the cerebellum, tho it communicates with the primary motor cortex where there are many motor neurons

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36
Q

The region of the brain which compares information about what muscles should be doing and what they are doing is the ____.

A

cerebellum

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37
Q

T/F The blood-brain barrier is of concern to pharmaceutical companies in that for a drug to target brain tissue, it must somehow negotiate the blood-brain barrier.

A

True

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38
Q

T/F The blood-brain barrier is mainly a consequence of the tight junctions joining the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries.

A

True

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39
Q

T/F Cerebrospinal fluid has the same composition as blood plasma.

A

False; it is derived from plasma, but it has a different composition, the same way that urine is derived from plasma but differs in composition

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40
Q

T/F The role of the blood-brain barrier is to allow control over which substances are able to pass from the blood into the brain tissue (and vice versa).

A

True; its primary function

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41
Q

The innermost layer of the meninges, delicate and closely appressed to the brain, is the
[dura mater/ corpus callosum / arachnoid mater/ pia mater/ doesn’t mater ].

A

pia mater

42
Q

The middle meningeal layer is the [dura mater/ corpus callosum / arachnoid mater/ pia mater].

A

arachnoid mater

43
Q

The outermost and toughest layer of the meninges is the [dura mater/ corpus callosum / arachnoid/ pia mater].

A

dura mater

44
Q

_____________________ is a condition where CSF levels are elevated; the increased hydrostatic pressure may deform the brain and skull and cause irreversible brain damage.

A

Hydrocephalus (or hydrocephaly)

45
Q

The _____________________ are flat sheets of dura mater which extend inward and help anchor the brain to the skull; the falx cerebri is an example of such a structure.

A

dural septa; I will not ask you to remember specific examples of dural septa, such as the falx cerebri

46
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A. CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses
B. Freshly-made CSF first appears in the ventricles of the brain
C. CSF is also produced by the arachnoid villi, and then released into the subarachnoid space
D. CSF flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures E. CSF also fills the central canal of the spinal cord
F. CSF is found in the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord as well

A

C. CSF is also produced by the arachnoid villi, and then released into the subarachnoid space

47
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding dural sinuses? Dural sinuses…
A. …are found deep in the valleys of the numerous sulci of the cerebral cortex
B. …provide a route for venous blood, fresh from the brain, to collect on its return to the heart C. …are the channels in which cerebrospinal fluid rejoins the blood and becomes plasma again D. …are formed as the layers of the dura maters separate and form a channel
E. (None. All of the above are true of dural sinuses)

A

A. …are found deep in the valleys of the numerous sulci of the cerebral cortex

48
Q

Protects brain by giving it bouyancy, so it essentially floats in liquid.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

49
Q

Protects the brain against unwanted chemicals by preventing their passive movement from the blood into the brain.

A

The blood-brain barrier

50
Q

The tough outermost meninx of the CNS.

A

Dura mater

51
Q

The middle meninx of the CNS. A special space just beneath this meninx is filled with CSF.

A

Arachnoid mater

52
Q

The delicate, innermost meninx of the CNS, which adheres closely to the underlying neural tissue.

A

Pia mater

53
Q

T/F Ascending tracts in the spinal cord bring sensory information into the higher CNS centers.

A

True; it wouldn’t make sense for motor information to be ascending the spinal cord to the brain, would it?

54
Q

T/F The cauda equina is found in the cervical region of the spinal cord.

A

False; the cauda equina is located in the lumbar and sacral regions of the spine

55
Q

T/F The spinal cord is especially thick in the region of the cauda equina.

A

False; in fact, there is no cord in the region of the cauda equina!

56
Q

Afferent nerve impulses enter the spinal cord via the [cranial nerves/ dorsal roots / ventral roots].

A

dorsal roots; technically, the dorsal rootlets

57
Q

The [spinothalamic/ corticospinal / spinocerebellar] tracts of the spinal cord provide an example of descending tracts bringing motor information down the cord from higher centers.

A

corticospinal; recall that spinal cord tracts are named according to the convention of “source-destination”. Thus, “corticospinal” implies “cortex spinal cord” meaning information is moving from higher centers (cortex) to down to lower centers (spine); this must be motor information.

58
Q

The [dura mater / arachnoid mater / pia mater] produces the denticulate ligaments, short, horizontal, shelf-like extensions which attach to the vertebrae and help anchor the cord in the vertebral canal.

A

pia mater

59
Q

Efferent nerve impulses exit the spinal cord via the [cranial nerves/ dorsal roots / ventral roots].

A

ventral roots; technically, the ventral rootlets

60
Q

The [anterior horns / lateral horns / dorsal horn / ventral horn] is an area of the cord occupied
by unmyelinated neurons that are transmitting outgoing, motor information

A

ventral horn

61
Q

The spinothalamic tracts carry [afferent/ efferent / associative] information in the spinal cord.

A

afferent; break down the word- “spino”, spinal cord + “thalamic”, thalamus. Information originating in the spinal cord and traveling to the thalamus must be ascending/afferent sensory information moving up the cord

62
Q

The ____________________ is the cone-shaped terminus of the spinal cord; it is found at the level of L1 or L2.

A

conus medullaris

63
Q

The ____________________ is a fibrous extension of the pia mater which reaches and attaches to the coccyx; this thin filament of pia tissue serves to help anchor the cord in place in the spinal column.

A

filum terminale

64
Q

Cervical # of spinal nerve pairs

A

8

65
Q

Thoracic # of spinal nerve pairs

A

12

66
Q

Lumbar # of spinal nerve pairs

A

5

67
Q

Sacral # of spinal nerve pairs

A

5

68
Q

Coccygeal # of spinal nerve pairs

A

1

69
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about ascending pathways in the spinal cord?
A. These pathways consist of mostly sensory information.
B. The ascending sensory information bound for conscious interpretation is routed through the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex.
C. The ascending sensory information bound for unconscious interpretation is routed through the thalamus to the cerebellum.
D. The sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots.

A

C; as in the question on the thalamus, proprioceptive information- ascending sensory information bound for unconscious interpretation- goes directly to the cerebellum

70
Q

The lateral mass projection containing sensory neurons entering the spinal cord.

A

dorsal horn

71
Q

Occurring at the level of L1 or L2, it is the cone-shaped ending of the spinal cord.

A

Conus medullaris

72
Q

The lateral mass projection containing motor fibers emerging from the spinal cord.

A

Ventral horn

73
Q

Periodic shelf-like extensions of the pia mater which serve to anchor the spinal cord within the vertebral column.

A

Denticulate ligaments

74
Q

A fibrous extension of the pia which attaches to the posterior surface of the coccyx and thus helps to anchor the spinal cord.

A

Filum terminale

75
Q

Large tracts of ascending or descending spinal cord neurons.

A

White columns

76
Q

Contains pyramidal cells forming motor tracts for conscious control of skeletal muscles.

A

Primary motor cortex

77
Q

Processes but doesn’t interpret visual input from the retina to form a mental image of the visual field.

A

Primary visual cortex

78
Q

Integrates and analyzes body sensations like temperature, touch, etc., and associates these perceptions with past experiences in memory

A

Somatosensory association area

79
Q

Speech area important for word articulation.

A

Broca’s area

80
Q

Controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature.

A

Premotor cortex

81
Q

Controls the voluntary, coordinated movements of the extrinsic eye muscles, so that, e.g., a moving object can be tracked smoothly by the eyes.

A

Frontal eye field

82
Q

Receives and performs raw processing of information from general (somatic) sensory receptors in skin and muscle for conscious perception.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

83
Q

Involved with cognition, intellect and complex learning.

A

Prefontal cortex

84
Q

Performs raw processing of input from the cochlear nerve, leading to perception of sound pitch, loudness, etc. (but doesn’t actually interpret these sounds)

A

Primary auditory cortex

85
Q

Main visceral control center; important to overall body homeostasis (=maintenance of constant internal conditions).

A

Hypothalamus

86
Q

Important relay station; sensory information is sorted and edited, then sent to appropriate sensory cortical centers.

A

Thalamus

87
Q

Integrates and analyzes perceptions of sound, associating them with previous auditory experiences stored in memory

A

Auditory association area

88
Q

A condition caused by destruction of anterior horn motor neurons. In this case the culprit seems to be faulty genetics which result in neuronal death, which result in progressive loss of motor abilities.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

89
Q

A condition caused by production of CSF in excess of drainage; results in elevated cranial pressure with possible mental retardation and enlargement of the head.

A

Hydrocephalus

90
Q

A condition caused by the incomplete formation of one or more vertebral arches, usually through the loss of laminae and spinous process(es). In the worst case scenario, it results in the loss of some spinal cord functions.

A

Spina bifida

91
Q

A condition resulting from the destruction of anterior horn motor neurons by a pathogenic virus. Advanced cases result in skeletal muscle atrophy and paralysis (and possible death by respiratory failure).

A

Poliomyelitis

92
Q

A defect of spinal cord development where meningeal and cord material herniate posteriorly into a large sac

A

Myelomeningocele

93
Q

A loss or lack of coordination, often due to damage to the cerebellum

A

Ataxia

94
Q

A degenerative neurodisorder due to insufficient dopamine production, esp. in the basal nuclei and substantia nigra; characterized by muscle rigidity and resting tremors

A

Parkinson’s disease

95
Q

A speech disorder, often due to damage to Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas

A

Aphasia

96
Q

Patient cannot voluntarily move her left arm.

A

Primary motor cortex

97
Q

Patient can form a mental image of the visual field, but has great difficulty recognizing even common objects.

A

Visual association area

98
Q

Patient is functionally blind.

A

Primary visual cortex

99
Q

Patient can feel the ridged, notched metallic objects in her pocket but cannot recognize them as keys until she looks at them.

A

Somatosensory association area

100
Q

Patient is unable to express himself; he knows what he wants to say but is unable to form the words.

A

Broca’s area

101
Q

Patient has lost her ability to play the piano, even though she is able to strike the keys individually with her fingers.

A

Premotor cortex

102
Q

Ataxia; uncoordinated muscle movement, though primary motor centers are OK

A

Cerebellum

A+P II (13 decks)

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