Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A+P II > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Action potentials travel quickly amongst the cells of the atrial myocardium via gap junctions, and similarly amongst the cells of the ventricular myocardium

A

True; but the atria are electrically insulated from the ventricles except through the conduction system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F Both the atria and the ventricles have extensive parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation, allowing the parasympathetic system to both slow heart rate and reduce contraction strength, while the sympathetic system increases heart rate and increases contraction strength.

A

False; only the sympathetic nervous system innervates the ventricles, so only that system can influence the strength of ventricular contraction. However, since both systems innervate the atria, both systems can influence heart rate (by influencing the SA node)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F If the activity of the SA node is depressed or blocked, another portion of the conducting system can take over as pacemaker and set heart rate.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F Gap junctions in the fibrous skeleton of the heart electrically connect the atria with the ventricles, allowing action potentials (nerve signals) to rapidly spread across the atrioventricular junction from atria to ventricles

A

False; action potentials only spread from the atria to the ventricles via the conduction system, NOT across the entire atrioventricular junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F The heart rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F Most ventricular filling actually occurs before atrial contraction.

A

True; the atria and ventricles passively fill (ventricles to about 80% capacity), then the atria contract and inject another 20% of blood into the ventricles. Thus the ventricles are 80% filled when the atria first begin their systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F Percentage-wise, the greatest amount of ventricular filling occurs when the atria contract, injecting their blood into the ventricles.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F The inherent depolarization rate of the SA node is about 100 per minute, although in a “resting” heart parasympathetic activity normally decreases this pacemaker rate to about 60-70 per minute.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F Except for specialized conducting cells, the atria are electrically isolated from the ventricles by a layer of connective tissue.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F The propagation of action potentials through the AV node is particularly rapid, in order that the large ventricles will contract in sequence just after the atria.

A

False; in fact the propagation of action potentials through the AV is slowed down (=AV nodal delay), so that the ventricles have sufficient time to fill with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F Cardiac output varies with the needs of the individual, varying in non-athletic people up to about 4x their normal level, and in athletes up to about 7x (=35 L/min!) their normal level.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle during a given cardiac cycle is the [stroke volume/ cardiac output].

A

stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The [QRS complex/ PR segment/ ST segment/ TP interval] represents the time when the atria and ventricles are completely relaxed and filling is taking place in both.

A

TP interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When the ventricles are at rest, ventricular pressures fall to about [120/ 80/ 2] mm Hg.

A

2 mm Hg (incidently, ventricular contraction is not the source of this pressure (ventricles are at rest); rather the incoming blood has a slight pressure associated with it (it is flowing down its pressure gradient, right?), and this pressure rises slightly as the blood fills the ventricles and stretches them a little)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When the ventricles are at rest, aortic pressure falls to about [120/ 80/ 2] mm Hg.

A

80 mm Hg; here we see the consequence of the aorta being an elastic artery—it inflates like a balloon (to about 120 mm Hg) when the left ventricle contracts, and then slowly deflates to about 80 mm Hg before the next contraction inflates it again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

[Extrasystole/ Partial heart block/ Atrial fibrillation/ Ventricular fibrillation] is a term describing chaotic, uncoordinated contractions of the ventricular myocardium, a very serious condition.

A

Ventricular fibrillation; incidentally, a common way to induce ventricular fibrillation—and often death– is via electrocution with the 120 V, 60 cycles per second AC electricity from a wall socket. The ventricles try to beat at 60 cycles per second, but of course cannot, and chaos (fibrillation) ensues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tachycardia / Bradycardia / Cardioversion / Carditis / Faster-than-normal-cardia] is the medical term which refers to a faster than normal heart rate.

A

Tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[ Tachycardia / Bradycardia / Kinocardia / PokeyBear-cardia ] is the medical term which refers to a slower than normal heart rate.

A

Bradycardia; as a mnemonic, I never said the “Brady Bunch” was slow, did I?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The [ cardioacceleratory/ cardioinhibitory/ cardiac] center is a nucleus in the medulla which exerts parasympathetic control over the heart

A

cardioinhibitory; since it is parasympathetic, it slows down the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The [ cardioacceleratory/ cardioinhibitory/ cardiac] center is a nucleus in the medulla which exerts sympathetic control over the heart

A

cardioacceleratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The [right atrioventricular / aortic/ pulmonary/ bicuspid/ tricuspid] valve is also known as the mitral valve.

A

bicuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The [ Tricuspid/ Pulmonic/ Mitral/ Aortic] valve is the atrioventricular valve that experiences the highest pressures

A

Mitral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The [ left AV/ right AV/ mitral/ pulmonic] valve is another name for the tricuspid valve

A

right AV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The circumflex artery is a tributary of the [ right/ left] coronary artery

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The posterior descending artery is a tributary of the [right/ left] coronary artery

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the characteristic “lub-dub”-(pause) sound of the heart, the “[lub/ dub/ (pause)]” is associated with the closure of the AV valves at the onset of systole.

A

“lub”; remember “lub” marks the beginning of ventricular systole, and “dub” the beginning of ventricular diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The intrinsic depolarization rate of the SA node is about [ 100 / 50 / 35 / 30 ] beats per minute.

A

100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The “[S1/ S2/ S3/ S4/ EDS]” heart sound is another name—usually used by clinicians—for the “dub” sound in the classic “lub-dub-(pause)” sequence of heart sounds

A

S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In the characteristic “lub-dub”-(pause) sound of the heart, the “[lub/ dub/ (pause)]” is associated with the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the onset of diastole.

A

dub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The __________________ and the ___________________ circuits are the two major circuits of the circulatory system.

A

systemic, pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The__________________________ is/are the conducting system fibers leading away from the AV node.

A

bundle of His

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

________________ refers to the period of (ventricular) contraction.

A

Systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

________________ refers to the period of (ventricular) relaxation.

A

Diastole

34
Q

The _______________________ period refers to that part of the cardiac cycle where the heart is totally relaxed; this period lasts about 400 ms (for a heart beating at 75 beats per minute).

A

quiescent; “TP” would be acceptable as well

35
Q

_____________________________ refers to the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole.

A

EDV (End Diastolic Volume)

36
Q

_________________________________ refers to the amount of blood left in each ventricle at the end of systole.

A

ESV (End Systolic Volume)

37
Q

The ________________ nerve administers parasympathetic control over the heart.

A

vagus

38
Q

The _____________________________ of the heart describes the fact that in the resting state, there is considerably more parasympathetic activity (from the vagus nerve) than sympathetic activity influencing the heart rate.

A

vagal tone

39
Q

_____________________________ and _____________________________ are the two types of membrane junctions found where cardiac muscles cells connect to each other end-to-end.

A

desmosomes / gap junctions

40
Q

A(n) ___________________________ is a region of the conduction system which depolarizes at an abnormally high rate and thus assumes the role as the cardiac pacemaker.

A

ectopic focus; incidentally, ectopic comes from ecto- + top/o + -ic, meaning “out” + “place, location” + pertaining to”, so “ectopic” means essentially “pertaining to out of place”—i.e., not a normal location

41
Q

The _____________________________ center is a nucleus in the medulla which is responsible for increasing the heart rate.

A

cardioacceleratory

42
Q

The _________________________________ center is a nucleus in the medulla which is responsible for decreasing the heart rate.

A

cardioinhibitory

43
Q

The _________________________ muscles are small muscles on the inner ventricular wall which function to prevent the atrioventricular valves from everting.

A

papillary

44
Q

The ____________________________ is a fluid-filled sac which surrounds the heart.

A

pericardium

45
Q

The ________________________ are small strings of connective tissue which connect the muscles described in the question directly above with the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves.

A

chordae tendineae

46
Q

The __________________________ valve is another name for the left atrioventricular valve.

A

bicuspid, or mitral

47
Q

The ________________________ valve is another name for the right atrioventricular valve.

A

tricuspid

48
Q

The ________________________ valves are located at the junction of the ventricles and their respective efferent arteries.

A

semilunar

49
Q

The ______________________________ valve is located at the junction of the aorta and the left ventricle; aka aortic valve.

A

left semilunar, or “aortic” valve

50
Q

The ______________________________ valve is located at the junction of the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle; aka pulmonic valve.

A

right semilunar

51
Q

The _______________________ is the middle, muscular layer of the heart; it contains the contractile fibers responsible for cardiac contraction.

A

myocardium

52
Q

__________________________ is inflammation of the pericardium.

A

Pericarditis

53
Q

The __________________________ refers to the layer of endothelial cells (and their basement membrane) that lines the cavities and valves of the heart

A

endocardium

54
Q

______________________________ is another name for a “heart attack.”

A

Myocardial infarction

55
Q

The covering of the heart consists of a tough outer ________________ pericardium and a _________________ pericardium; the latter secretes serous fluid into the pericardial cavity.

A

fibrous, serous

56
Q

The ________________________ is the space between the parietal and visceral pericardia

A

pericardial cavity

57
Q

The ________________________ valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole

A

A V (atrioventricular)

58
Q

The __________________ valves open at the beginning of ventricular systole

A

semilunar

59
Q

A(n) _______________________ is an irregular heart rhythm caused by dysfunction in the intrinsic conduction system

A

arrhythmia

60
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the AV nodal delay? The AV nodal delay…
A. …allows time for the atria to completely depolarize and contract.
B. …slows the spreading wave of depolarization about 100 ms before it can enter the Bundle of His.
C. …is necessary for the proper functioning of the heart.
D. …suppresses ectopic foci and keeps the heart rate normal.

A

D. …suppresses ectopic foci and keeps the heart rate normal.

61
Q

Which of the following lists the parts of the conduction system of the heart in order from the fastest autorhythmic to the slowest autorhythmic?
A. (fastest) AV node — SA node — Bundle of His — Purkinje fibers (slowest).
B. (fastest) Bundle of His— Purkinje fibers— AV node— SA node (slowest)
C. (fastest) Purkinje fibers— Bundle of His— AV node— SA node (slowest).
D. (fastest) SA node — AV node— Bundle of His— Purkinje fibers (slowest).
E. (fastest) SA node — Bundle of His — Purkinje fibers — AV node (slowest).

A

D. (fastest) SA node — AV node— Bundle of His— Purkinje fibers (slowest)

62
Q

In an ECG tracing, the QRS complex is caused by…
A. Atrial depolarization.
B. Atrial repoloarization.
C. Ventricular depolarization (& atrial repolarization).
D. Ventricular repolarization.
E. Atrial contraction.

A

C. Ventricular depolarization (& atrial repolarization).

63
Q 
In an ECG tracing, the P wave is caused by...
A. Atrial depolarization.
B. Atrial repoloarization.
C. Ventricular depolarization. 
D. Ventricular repolarization. 
E. Atrial contraction.
A

A. Atrial depolarization.

64
Q 
In an ECG tracing, the T wave is caused by...
A. Atrial depolarization.
B. Atrial repoloarization.
C. Ventricular depolarization. 
D. Ventricular repolarization. 
E. Atrial contraction.
A

D. Ventricular repolarization.

65
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the electrocardiogram shown above?
A. In this ECG, the number of P waves equals the number of T waves
B. In this heart, only some (but not all) P waves are conducted to the ventricles to instigate QRS and T waves
C. This heart shows second degree heart block
D. This ECG provides an example of an arrhythmia

A

A; note that there are twice as many P waves as QRS/T waves in this ECG

66
Q

Which ONE of the following would be true for a person with a cardiac output of 5 L:
A. The right and left ventricles together pump out a total of 5 L of blood per minute
B. The right and left ventricles each pump out 5 L of blood per minute
C. The right and left ventricles together pump out a total of 5 L of blood per cardiac cycle
D. The right and left ventricles each pump out 5 L of blood per cardiac cycle

A

B. The right and left ventricles each pump out 5 L of blood per minute

67
Q 
Action potentials are able to spread from myocardial cell to myocardial cell via...
A. ...tight junctions 
B. ...gap junctions
C. ...interneurons
D. ...afferent neurons
A

B. …gap junctions

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding control of the heart by the CNS?
A. The pacemaker rate of the SA node is about 90-100 beats per minute, although parasympathetic influences (=vagal tone) normally reduce this rate to about 60-70 beats per minute in a “resting” heart
B. Sympathetic control of the heart can increase heart rate as well as force of contraction (=”contractility”)
C. The sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control centers are located in the medulla
D. Parasympathetic control of the heart mainly influences the conduction system (slows heart rate)
E. Sympathetic cardiac control centers are in the hypothalamus and sympathetic outflow is via the vagus nerve

A

E; recall that the hypothalamus is an important control center but that it lacks motor neurons altogether; thus the center that directly controls cardiac muscle could not reside there. This center does, of course, reside in the medulla, which makes much more sense

69
Q

Frank Starling’s sister Gertrude has a stroke volume of 70 ml/beat and a heart rate of 100 beats/per minute. What is her cardiac output?
A. She has none. Human hearts cannot beat at 100 beats per minute.
B. 70 x 100, or 700 ml
C. 70/100, or about 1.4
D. That’s a half-hearted question, Mr. Silly! The half-hearted answer is (70+100)/2, or 85 beats per minute
E. About 7 liters

A

E; this is simply a math question, as well as conversion from mL to L. As to choice “A”, human hearts can beat up to about 200 beats per minute; they are prevented from beating faster by the insufficient filling that occurs at faster rates

70
Q

A typical stroke volume for an adult at rest would be about…
A. …20 ml B. …40 ml C. …70 ml D. …130 ml

A

C; a canonical value I would like you to know

71
Q

In comparing the right & left ventricular systems, the volume of blood pumped by each is…
A. similar, but the pressure generated in the downstream arteries is much higher for the RIGHT ventricle
B. similar, but the pressure generated in the downstream arteries is much higher for the LEFT ventricle
C. different, with the RIGHT ventricle pumping considerably more blood per stroke
D. different, with the LEFT ventricle pumping considerably more blood per stroke

A

B; remember left vs right: similar volumes, different pressures

72
Q

A person with a heart rate of 60 beats/min & a stroke volume of 80 ml has a cardiac output of..
A. …48.0 L/min C. …510 ml/min B. …6.0 L/min D. …4.8 L/min

A

D

73
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the cardiac regulation centers?
A. The cardioacceleratory center is located in medulla oblongata
B. The cardioinhibitory center is located in the hypothalamus
C. The cardioacceleratory center is part of the sympathetic nervous system and projects to spinal cord ANS motor neurons at the thoracic level (T1-T5)
D. The cardioinhibitory center projects to the heart via the vagus nerve
E. The cardioacceleratory and the cardioinhibitory centers both project most heavily to the SA and AV nodes

A

B. The cardioinhibitory center is located in the hypothalamus

74
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the opening of the aortic valve?
A. The aortic valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
B. Opening of the aortic valve defines the beginning of ventricular systole
C. Opening of the aortic valve occurs during ventricular systole
D. Opening of the aortic valve allows the left ventricles to eject blood

A

B; it is electrical activity (QRS wave) that defines the beginning of ventricular systole, not the valve states. In fact, examination of the cardiac cycle graph shows that the aortic valve opens near—but not at—the beginning of ventricular systole. Note that this also means when I say that the “lub” heart sound (due to closure of the AV valves) marks the beginning of ventricular systole this is an approximation; closure of the AV valves does not define the beginning of ventricular systole any more than opening of the semilunar valves does, but both events occur soon after the start of ventricular systole

75
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about stroke volume?
A. It is defined as the end-diastolic volume minus the end-systolic volume
B. The typical adult value for stroke volume in a “resting” heart is about 70 ml
C. Normally, the stroke volume for the left ventricle is considerably larger than that for the right ventricle, since the former is larger and is pumping blood through the entire systemic circuit
D. Factors which change the force of ventricular contraction (= ventricular tension) can change the stroke volume
E. (all of the above are true)

A

C; similar volumes, different pressures

76
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about cardiac output?
A. The typical adult value for cardiac output in a “resting” heart is about 5 L/minute
B. Normally, the cardiac output of the left ventricle is considerably larger than that of the right ventricle, since the former is larger and more muscular
C. Cardiac output is defined in clinical terms as the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate
D. It is also described as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in a 1 minute period
E. (all of the above are true)

A

B; again, similar volumes, different pressures

77
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
A. The AV valves close when their respective atria enter systole
B. The semi-transparent AV leaflets are thin folds of endocardium
C. The AV leaflets are anchored to the ventricular wall (specifically, to papillary muscles) by tough connective
tissue strings called chordae tendineae
D. The papillary muscles contract just before ventricular systole begins, ensuring that the AV leaflets are taut and
pointing into the ventricle as the ventricular myocardium begins contracting E. (None. All of the above are true regarding the atrioventricular valves)

A

A; it would be nonsensical for the AV valves to close when their associated atria begin contracting; at that time they must be open to allow blood to be pumped from the atria to the ventricles

78
Q

At which ONE of the following locations can the aortic valve be ausculatated most clearly?
A. 2nd intercostal space at the right sternal margin
B. 2nd intercostal space at the left sternal margin
C. 5th intercostal space at heart apex
D. 5th intercostal space at right sternal margin or over the sternum
E. Over the sternal body at the level of the 4th rib

A

A. 2nd intercostal space at the right sternal margin

79
Q 
The heartbeat is initiated by...
A. ...the CNS
B. ...the conducting system of the heart
C. ...the sympathetic nervous system
D. ...the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
A

B. …the conducting system of the heart

80
Q 
The normal pacemaker for the entire heart is the...
A. ...AV node
B. ...CNS
C. ...SA node
D. ...AV bundle fibers 
E. ...Purkinje fibers
A

C. …SA node

81
Q

AV valves open and close because of…
A. …nervous impulses
B. …contractions of muscles attached to the valves
C. …changes in blood pressure in the adjacent chambers
D. …contractions of fibers attached to the valves

A

C. …changes in blood pressure in the adjacent chambers

82
Q

Below this question are listed (a-n)— in NO particular order— various parts of the entire cardiovascular circuit (ignoring the coronary circulation for simplicity). BEGINNING WITH THE RIGHT ATRIUM, what is the correct sequence in which a blood cell would encounter these parts? (2 pts total, with 1 pt partial credit)

a. Aorta
b. Aortic valve
c. Left atrium
d. Left ventricle
e. Lungs
f. Mitral valve
g. Pulmonary trunk
h. Pulmonary veins
i. Pulmonic valve
j. Right atrium
k. Right ventricle
l. Systemic circuit
m. Tricuspid valve
n. Venae cavae

A

j-m-k-i-g-e-h-c-f-d-b-a-l-n

Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary trunk
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Systemic circuit
Venae cavae

A+P II (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions