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A+P II > CVS - The Blood > Flashcards

CVS - The Blood Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Circulating red blood cells contain no nucleus or organelles and therefore cannot reproduce themselves.

A

True

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2
Q

T/F Billions of red blood cells are destroyed every day in the body.

A

True

200 billion per day, by some estimates

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3
Q

T/F All erythrocytes arise from stem cells in bone marrow, while leukocytes and platelets arise from cells in the thymus gland.

A

False

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4
Q

T/F In adult humans, all formed elements arise from stem cells which reside in the bone marrow.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F Because soluble proteins express carboxylate and amino groups on their surfaces and both of these groups have exchangeable protons, soluble proteins such as plasma proteins make excellent buffers to oppose any changes in blood pH.

A

True

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6
Q

T/F Upon breakdown, the entire hemoglobin molecule is recycled by the liver and spleen.

A

False, except for the iron, most of the heme is excreted as bilirubin in the feces stream

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7
Q

The average hematocrit for MEN is [ 35%/ 42%/ 45%/ 50% ].

A

45%

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8
Q

The average hematocrit for WOMEN is [ 35%/ 42%/ 45%/ 50% ].

A

42%

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9
Q

The normal range for blood volume in MEN is [ 3-4/ 4-5/ 5-6/ 7-8 ] liters.

A

5-6

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10
Q

The normal range for blood volume in WOMEN is [ 3-4/ 4-5/ 5-6/ 7-8 ] liters.

A

4-5

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11
Q

[Fibrin/ Plasmin/ Thrombin ] is a protein which is polymerized to form the meshwork of a newly formed clot.

A

Fibrin

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12
Q

[ Fibrin/ Plasmin/ Thrombin ] is an enzyme capable of dissolving a blood clot by digesting away the fibrin strands.

A

Plasmin

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13
Q

[ Fibrin/ Plasmin/ Thrombin ] is an enzyme that converts inactive fibrinogen into fibrin, which, in turn, forms the meshwork of a blood clot

A

Thrombin

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14
Q

[ Thromboxane A2/ Prostacyclin/ NO/ Thrombin ] is a paracrine agent (= a locally acting chemical messenger) released by aggregating platelets that promotes the further aggregation of platelets.

A

Thromboxane A2

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15
Q

When Bill suffered a heart attack, the attending physician in the hospital immediately administered a [ thrombin/ prothrombin/ plasminogen activator/ fibrinogen ] called streptokinase in an effort to
encourage clot dissolution and thus limit the extent of damage to his myocardium

A

plasminogen activator

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16
Q

Warfarin, dicoumarol, aspirin, and heparin are classic examples of [procoagulants /anticoagulants
/ thrombolytic agents / blood thickeners].

A

anticoagulants

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17
Q

Because vitamin [ A/ B1/ B2/ B6/ C/ D/ E/ K ] is required to produce several of the clotting factors,
including prothrombin, people with a deficiency of this vitamin usually exhibit clotting problems.

A

K

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18
Q

B-cells are formed along the [ myeloid/ lymphoid ] line of hematopoietic development.

A

lymphoid

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19
Q

Neutrophils are formed along the [ myeloid/ lymphoid ] line of hematopoietic development.

A

myeloid

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20
Q 
An average (i.e., normal) concentration of RBCs in the blood is [ 10,000/ 500,000/ 5,000,000/ ] per
mm3.
A

5,000,000

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21
Q

An average (i.e., normal) concentration of platelets in the blood is [ 10,000/ 500,000/ 5,000,000/ ] per mm3.

A

500, 000

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22
Q

An average (i.e., normal) concentration of leukocytes in the blood is [ 10,000/ 500,000/ 5,000,000/ ] per mm3.

A

10,000

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23
Q

The approximate lifespan of a red blood cell is [ 2/ 10/ 60/ 120 ] days.

A

120 (days)

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24
Q

The approximate lifespan of a platelet is [ 2/ 10/ 60/ 120 ] days.

A

10 (days)

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25
Q

[Thrombopoiesis/ Erythropoiesis/ Hematopoiesis] is the process by which blood cells (i.e., all the formed elements, essentially “blood”) are produced.

A

hematopoiesis

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26
Q

The formation of new red blood cells is termed [hematopoiesis/ erythropoiesis/ thrombopoiesis/ leukopoiesis/ Red-Blood-Cell-poiesis].

A

erythropoiesis

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27
Q

[Red / Yellow / Spongy/ Myeloid] marrow is responsible for production of the formed elements

A

Red

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28
Q

__________________________ are formed by fragmentation of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are extremely important in the clotting process.

A

Platelets

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29
Q

The term _____________________________ refers to the percent volume occupied by the pelleted erythrocytes after centrifugation of whole blood; mean values for this measurement are in the 42- 45% range.

A

hematocrit

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30
Q

_____________________ is blood from which both the formed elements and the clotting factors have been removed.

A

Serum

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31
Q

_____________________ is blood from which only the formed elements have been removed.

A

Plasma

32
Q

_____________________ is the kidney hormone responsible for hastening red blood cell maturation in the bone marrow.

A

Erythropoietin, or “EPO”

33
Q

The _____________________________ is a collective term for the “cells” of the blood, or more accurately, the cellular and cell-derived portion of the blood.

A

formed elements

34
Q

The _______________________ refers to the thin, off-white layer of cells which sediments on top of the red blood cells when whole blood is centrifuged.

A

buffy coat

35
Q

The _______________________ and the ___________________________ are the two main lines of development in hematopoiesis; the stem cells for both of these lines are the direct progeny of hematopoietic stem cells.

A

myeloid, lymphoid

36
Q

____________________________________ refers to enlargement of the spleen

A

Splenomegaly

37
Q

_________________________ refers to a deficiency of neutrophils in the blood.

A

Neutropenia

38
Q

_________________________ refers to elevated levels of PMNs in the blood.

A

Neutrophilia

39
Q

___________________________________ refers to a deficiency of vitamin K.

A

Hypovitaminosis K

40
Q

____________________________________ refers to elevated levels of white blood cells in the blood; usually it is the neurtrophil count that is elevated due to a bacterial infection.

A

leukocytosis

41
Q

____________________________________ refers to depressed levels of white blood cells in the blood, which gives a person a tendency for developing infections

A

leukopenia

42
Q

____________________________________ hematopoiesis refers to production of the formed elements occurring outside of the bone marrow

A

Extramedullary

43
Q

____________________________________ are circulating but immature red blood cells; they still possess some of their ribosomes and rough ER.

A

Reticulocytes

44
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes found in the human body, in order from most abundant to least abundant?
A. (most) eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes (fewest).
B. (most) basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils (fewest).
C. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes (fewest).
D. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (fewest).

A

D. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (fewest).

45
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about erythrocytes?
A. Although they lack a nucleus, erythrocytes contain mitochondria and thus satisfy their energy requirements via aerobic respiration.
B. Erythrocytes are anucleate.
C. Erythrocytes are essentially “bags of hemoglobin”, containing about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin per cell, surrounded by a plasma membrane.
D. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria and satisfy their modest energy requirements via glycolysis.

A

A. Although they lack a nucleus, erythrocytes contain mitochondria and thus satisfy their energy requirements via aerobic respiration.

46
Q

Hemostasis, the elimination of bleeding, occurs in 4 successive steps. These steps, in no particular order, are:

  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Platelet plug formation
  4. Clot retraction

What is the correct temporal order of these steps?
A. 1-3-4-2 B. 1-4-3-2 C. 3-2-4-1 D. 1-2-3-4 E. 1-3-2-4

A

E. 1-3-2-4

  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Blood clotting
  4. Clot retraction
47
Q 
Which ONE of the following does NOT posses significant anti-clotting activity? 
A. NSAIDS (e.g., aspirin)
B. Heparin
C. Thromboxane
D. Plasminogen activator 
E. Certain flavinoids
F. Anti-thrombin III
A

C. Thromboxane

48
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT a significant contribution of the liver to hemostasis?
A. The liver produces thromboxane, which initiates coagulation.
B. The liver produces many of the plasma clotting factors which bring about coagulation.
C. The liver produces bile salts which are necessary for the proper absorption of vitamin K.
D. The liver produces prothrombin which, when activated to thrombin, in turn activates several components of the clotting cascade, including fibrin itself.
E. The liver produces fibrinogen, the soluble form of the fibrous protein that, during clotting, becomes the mesh of the clot.

A

A. The liver produces thromboxane, which initiates coagulation.

Thromboxane is produced by platelets

49
Q 
Which ONE of the following is, by far, the most abundant of the plasma proteins? 
A. Albumen
B. Alpha and beta globulins
C. Gamma globulins (antibodies) 
D. Angiotensinogen
E. Clotting proteins
F. Hemoglobin
A

A. Albumen

50
Q

Lea’s hematocrit is 45%, and her reticulocyte count is 3.0%. What is the implication of this?
A. Lea has cancer of the red blood cell line
B. Lea has a malignant neoplasm of the red blood cell line.
C. Nothing. Lea’s hematocrit and reticulocyte count are within the normal range.
D. Lea’s rate of red blood cell production is depressed, and her hematocrit is significantly elevated.
E. Lea’s rate of red blood cell production is elevated, although her hematocrit is within the normal range for
women (perhaps on the upper side of normal)

A

E. Lea’s rate of red blood cell production is elevated, although her hematocrit is within the normal range for
women (perhaps on the upper side of normal)

51
Q

Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac during fetal life, and then progresses through a number of organs during subsequent fetal, childhood, and adult life. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of these changes in hematopoiesis?
A. Yolk sac production of blood is immediately followed by production in the liver and spleen
B. Before/At birth, the marrow in all the bones is producing blood
C. Extramedullary hematopoiesis continues postnatally but ceases near the end of childhood
D. By early adulthood, hematopoiesis in long bones has dropped to low levels or ceased altogether
E. In adults, most hematopoiesis occurs in the bones of the axial skeleton
F. (None. All of the above statements are true regarding hematopoiesis)

A

C. Extramedullary hematopoiesis continues postnatally but ceases near the end of childhood

52
Q

Leukocytes which mature into macrophages.

A

Monocytes

53
Q

___ are leukocytes which are generally first on the site of injury or invasion, where they phagocytose bacteria or kill them with noxious bleach-like compounds.

A

Neutrophils

54
Q

___ are the least numerous of the leukocytes in the blood.

A

Basophils

55
Q

These leukocytes are extremely important in our immune defense against parasitic worms.

A

Eosinophils

56
Q

Leukocytes including T-cells, which activate the entire immune system, and B- cells, which mature into antibody-secreting cells.

A

Lymphocytes

57
Q

Also known, by some authorities, as “polymorphonuclear leukocytes”, or simply as “polys.”

A

Neutrophils

58
Q

These leukocytes have a high affinity for the reddish acid dyes, but little affinity for the bluish basic dyes.

A

Eosinophils

59
Q

Leukocytes which contain many granules of heparin and histamine; they play a role in inflammation and possibly allergies as well.

A

Basophils

60
Q

Leukocyte class containing B-cells, which are important in antibody production

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

The most numerous of the leukocytes in the blood.

A

Neutrophils

62
Q

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

A

Thrombus

63
Q

A deficiency of red blood cells

A

Erythropenia

64
Q

A condition characterized by a deficiency in the number of circulating platelets; counts below 70,000/mm3 are indicative of this condition

A

Thrombocytopenia

65
Q

Somewhat elevated white blood cell counts, usually due to a bacterial infection

A

Leukocytosis

66
Q

An abnormally low white blood cell count

A

Leukopenia

67
Q

A blood clot that has broken away and is floating freely in the bloodstream

A

Thromboembolism

68
Q

A deficiency of all the formed elements, i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

A

Pancytopenia

69
Q

Higher than normal concentrations of red blood cells in the blood

A

Erythrocytosis

70
Q

A condition characterized by reduced clotting ability as a result of poor liver function (which, in turn, results in a deficiency of clotting factors); in particular, this condition focuses on the low levels of fibrinogen in the plasma

A

Hypofibrinogenemia

71
Q

Low levels of iron in the blood plasma

A

Sideropenia

72
Q

What hormone is most directly responsible for the increased rate of red blood cell production? What organ releases this hormone?

A

Erythropoietin

Kidneys

73
Q

Briefly distinguish between serum and plasma.

A

Plasma = whole blood minus the formed elements

Serum = plasma minus the clotting proteins

74
Q

[HbA / HbA2 / HbF/ HbS ] is the major hemoglobin found in adult humans

A

HbA

75
Q

[HbA / HbA2 / HbF/ HbS ] is the hemoglobin found in human fetuses

A

HbF

76
Q

[HbA / HbA2 / HbF/ HbS ] is an abnormal hemoglobin found in humans with sickle cell anemia

A

HbS

77
Q

________________________ is a waste product from heme (hemoglobin) breakdown; in high levels it can cause jaundice

A

Bilirubin

A+P II (13 decks)

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