CVS - The Blood

Question 1

T/F Circulating red blood cells contain no nucleus or organelles and therefore cannot reproduce themselves.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

T/F Billions of red blood cells are destroyed every day in the body.

Answer 2

True

200 billion per day, by some estimates

Question 3

T/F All erythrocytes arise from stem cells in bone marrow, while leukocytes and platelets arise from cells in the thymus gland.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

T/F In adult humans, all formed elements arise from stem cells which reside in the bone marrow.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F Because soluble proteins express carboxylate and amino groups on their surfaces and both of these groups have exchangeable protons, soluble proteins such as plasma proteins make excellent buffers to oppose any changes in blood pH.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F Upon breakdown, the entire hemoglobin molecule is recycled by the liver and spleen.

Answer 6

False, except for the iron, most of the heme is excreted as bilirubin in the feces stream

Question 7

The average hematocrit for MEN is [ 35%/ 42%/ 45%/ 50% ].

Answer 7

45%

Question 8

The average hematocrit for WOMEN is [ 35%/ 42%/ 45%/ 50% ].

Answer 8

42%

Question 9

The normal range for blood volume in MEN is [ 3-4/ 4-5/ 5-6/ 7-8 ] liters.

Answer 9

5-6

Question 10

The normal range for blood volume in WOMEN is [ 3-4/ 4-5/ 5-6/ 7-8 ] liters.

Answer 10

4-5

Question 11

[Fibrin/ Plasmin/ Thrombin ] is a protein which is polymerized to form the meshwork of a newly formed clot.

Answer 11

Fibrin

Question 12

[ Fibrin/ Plasmin/ Thrombin ] is an enzyme capable of dissolving a blood clot by digesting away the fibrin strands.

Answer 12

Plasmin

Question 13

[ Fibrin/ Plasmin/ Thrombin ] is an enzyme that converts inactive fibrinogen into fibrin, which, in turn, forms the meshwork of a blood clot

Answer 13

Thrombin

Question 14

[ Thromboxane A2/ Prostacyclin/ NO/ Thrombin ] is a paracrine agent (= a locally acting chemical messenger) released by aggregating platelets that promotes the further aggregation of platelets.

Answer 14

Thromboxane A2

Question 15

When Bill suffered a heart attack, the attending physician in the hospital immediately administered a [ thrombin/ prothrombin/ plasminogen activator/ fibrinogen ] called streptokinase in an effort to
encourage clot dissolution and thus limit the extent of damage to his myocardium

Answer 15

plasminogen activator

Question 16

Warfarin, dicoumarol, aspirin, and heparin are classic examples of [procoagulants /anticoagulants
/ thrombolytic agents / blood thickeners].

Answer 16

anticoagulants

Question 17

Because vitamin [ A/ B1/ B2/ B6/ C/ D/ E/ K ] is required to produce several of the clotting factors,
including prothrombin, people with a deficiency of this vitamin usually exhibit clotting problems.

Answer 17

K

Question 18

B-cells are formed along the [ myeloid/ lymphoid ] line of hematopoietic development.

Answer 18

lymphoid

Question 19

Neutrophils are formed along the [ myeloid/ lymphoid ] line of hematopoietic development.

Answer 19

myeloid

Question 20

An average (i.e., normal) concentration of RBCs in the blood is [ 10,000/ 500,000/ 5,000,000/ ] per
mm3.

Answer 20

5,000,000

Question 21

An average (i.e., normal) concentration of platelets in the blood is [ 10,000/ 500,000/ 5,000,000/ ] per mm3.

Answer 21

500, 000

Question 22

An average (i.e., normal) concentration of leukocytes in the blood is [ 10,000/ 500,000/ 5,000,000/ ] per mm3.

Answer 22

10,000

Question 23

The approximate lifespan of a red blood cell is [ 2/ 10/ 60/ 120 ] days.

Answer 23

120 (days)

Question 24

The approximate lifespan of a platelet is [ 2/ 10/ 60/ 120 ] days.

Answer 24

10 (days)

Question 25

[Thrombopoiesis/ Erythropoiesis/ Hematopoiesis] is the process by which blood cells (i.e., all the formed elements, essentially "blood") are produced.

Answer 25

hematopoiesis

Question 26

The formation of new red blood cells is termed [hematopoiesis/ erythropoiesis/ thrombopoiesis/ leukopoiesis/ Red-Blood-Cell-poiesis].

Answer 26

erythropoiesis

Question 27

[Red / Yellow / Spongy/ Myeloid] marrow is responsible for production of the formed elements

Answer 27

Red

Question 28

__________________________ are formed by fragmentation of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are extremely important in the clotting process.

Answer 28

Platelets

Question 29

The term _____________________________ refers to the percent volume occupied by the pelleted erythrocytes after centrifugation of whole blood; mean values for this measurement are in the 42- 45% range.

Answer 29

hematocrit

Question 30

_____________________ is blood from which both the formed elements and the clotting factors have been removed.

Answer 30

Serum

Question 31

_____________________ is blood from which only the formed elements have been removed.

Answer 31

Plasma

Question 32

_____________________ is the kidney hormone responsible for hastening red blood cell maturation in the bone marrow.

Answer 32

Erythropoietin, or “EPO”

Question 33

The _____________________________ is a collective term for the "cells" of the blood, or more accurately, the cellular and cell-derived portion of the blood.

Answer 33

formed elements

Question 34

The _______________________ refers to the thin, off-white layer of cells which sediments on top of the red blood cells when whole blood is centrifuged.

Answer 34

buffy coat

Question 35

The _______________________ and the ___________________________ are the two main lines of development in hematopoiesis; the stem cells for both of these lines are the direct progeny of hematopoietic stem cells.

Answer 35

myeloid, lymphoid

Question 36

____________________________________ refers to enlargement of the spleen

Answer 36

Splenomegaly

Question 37

_________________________ refers to a deficiency of neutrophils in the blood.

Answer 37

Neutropenia

Question 38

_________________________ refers to elevated levels of PMNs in the blood.

Answer 38

Neutrophilia

Question 39

___________________________________ refers to a deficiency of vitamin K.

Answer 39

Hypovitaminosis K

Question 40

____________________________________ refers to elevated levels of white blood cells in the blood; usually it is the neurtrophil count that is elevated due to a bacterial infection.

Answer 40

leukocytosis

Question 41

____________________________________ refers to depressed levels of white blood cells in the blood, which gives a person a tendency for developing infections

Answer 41

leukopenia

Question 42

____________________________________ hematopoiesis refers to production of the formed elements occurring outside of the bone marrow

Answer 42

Extramedullary

Question 43

____________________________________ are circulating but immature red blood cells; they still possess some of their ribosomes and rough ER.

Answer 43

Reticulocytes

Question 44

What are the five types of leukocytes found in the human body, in order from most abundant to least abundant? A. (most) eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes (fewest). B. (most) basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils (fewest). C. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes (fewest). D. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (fewest).

Answer 44

D. (most) neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (fewest).

Question 45

Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about erythrocytes? A. Although they lack a nucleus, erythrocytes contain mitochondria and thus satisfy their energy requirements via aerobic respiration. B. Erythrocytes are anucleate. C. Erythrocytes are essentially "bags of hemoglobin", containing about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin per cell, surrounded by a plasma membrane. D. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria and satisfy their modest energy requirements via glycolysis.

Answer 45

A. Although they lack a nucleus, erythrocytes contain mitochondria and thus satisfy their energy requirements via aerobic respiration.

Question 46

Hemostasis, the elimination of bleeding, occurs in 4 successive steps. These steps, in no particular order, are: 1. Vascular spasms 2. Blood clotting 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Clot retraction What is the correct temporal order of these steps? A. 1-3-4-2 B. 1-4-3-2 C. 3-2-4-1 D. 1-2-3-4 E. 1-3-2-4

Answer 46

E. 1-3-2-4 1. Vascular spasms 3. Platelet plug formation 2. Blood clotting 4. Clot retraction

Question 47

``` Which ONE of the following does NOT posses significant anti-clotting activity? A. NSAIDS (e.g., aspirin) B. Heparin C. Thromboxane D. Plasminogen activator E. Certain flavinoids F. Anti-thrombin III ```

Answer 47

C. Thromboxane

Question 48

Which ONE of the following is NOT a significant contribution of the liver to hemostasis? A. The liver produces thromboxane, which initiates coagulation. B. The liver produces many of the plasma clotting factors which bring about coagulation. C. The liver produces bile salts which are necessary for the proper absorption of vitamin K. D. The liver produces prothrombin which, when activated to thrombin, in turn activates several components of the clotting cascade, including fibrin itself. E. The liver produces fibrinogen, the soluble form of the fibrous protein that, during clotting, becomes the mesh of the clot.

Answer 48

A. The liver produces thromboxane, which initiates coagulation. Thromboxane is produced by platelets

Question 49

``` Which ONE of the following is, by far, the most abundant of the plasma proteins? A. Albumen B. Alpha and beta globulins C. Gamma globulins (antibodies) D. Angiotensinogen E. Clotting proteins F. Hemoglobin ```

Answer 49

A. Albumen

Question 50

Lea’s hematocrit is 45%, and her reticulocyte count is 3.0%. What is the implication of this? A. Lea has cancer of the red blood cell line B. Lea has a malignant neoplasm of the red blood cell line. C. Nothing. Lea’s hematocrit and reticulocyte count are within the normal range. D. Lea’s rate of red blood cell production is depressed, and her hematocrit is significantly elevated. E. Lea’s rate of red blood cell production is elevated, although her hematocrit is within the normal range for women (perhaps on the upper side of normal)

Answer 50

E. Lea’s rate of red blood cell production is elevated, although her hematocrit is within the normal range for women (perhaps on the upper side of normal)

Question 51

Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac during fetal life, and then progresses through a number of organs during subsequent fetal, childhood, and adult life. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE of these changes in hematopoiesis? A. Yolk sac production of blood is immediately followed by production in the liver and spleen B. Before/At birth, the marrow in all the bones is producing blood C. Extramedullary hematopoiesis continues postnatally but ceases near the end of childhood D. By early adulthood, hematopoiesis in long bones has dropped to low levels or ceased altogether E. In adults, most hematopoiesis occurs in the bones of the axial skeleton F. (None. All of the above statements are true regarding hematopoiesis)

Answer 51

C. Extramedullary hematopoiesis continues postnatally but ceases near the end of childhood

Question 52

Leukocytes which mature into macrophages.

Answer 52

Monocytes

Question 53

___ are leukocytes which are generally first on the site of injury or invasion, where they phagocytose bacteria or kill them with noxious bleach-like compounds.

Answer 53

Neutrophils

Question 54

___ are the least numerous of the leukocytes in the blood.

Answer 54

Basophils

Question 55

These leukocytes are extremely important in our immune defense against parasitic worms.

Answer 55

Eosinophils

Question 56

Leukocytes including T-cells, which activate the entire immune system, and B- cells, which mature into antibody-secreting cells.

Answer 56

Lymphocytes

Question 57

Also known, by some authorities, as "polymorphonuclear leukocytes", or simply as "polys."

Answer 57

Neutrophils

Question 58

These leukocytes have a high affinity for the reddish acid dyes, but little affinity for the bluish basic dyes.

Answer 58

Eosinophils

Question 59

Leukocytes which contain many granules of heparin and histamine; they play a role in inflammation and possibly allergies as well.

Answer 59

Basophils

Question 60

Leukocyte class containing B-cells, which are important in antibody production

Answer 60

Lymphocytes

Question 61

The most numerous of the leukocytes in the blood.

Answer 61

Neutrophils

Question 62

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

Answer 62

Thrombus

Question 63

A deficiency of red blood cells

Answer 63

Erythropenia

Question 64

A condition characterized by a deficiency in the number of circulating platelets; counts below 70,000/mm3 are indicative of this condition

Answer 64

Thrombocytopenia

Question 65

Somewhat elevated white blood cell counts, usually due to a bacterial infection

Answer 65

Leukocytosis

Question 66

An abnormally low white blood cell count

Answer 66

Leukopenia

Question 67

A blood clot that has broken away and is floating freely in the bloodstream

Answer 67

Thromboembolism

Question 68

A deficiency of all the formed elements, i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Answer 68

Pancytopenia

Question 69

Higher than normal concentrations of red blood cells in the blood

Answer 69

Erythrocytosis

Question 70

A condition characterized by reduced clotting ability as a result of poor liver function (which, in turn, results in a deficiency of clotting factors); in particular, this condition focuses on the low levels of fibrinogen in the plasma

Answer 70

Hypofibrinogenemia

Question 71

Low levels of iron in the blood plasma

Answer 71

Sideropenia

Question 72

What hormone is most directly responsible for the increased rate of red blood cell production? What organ releases this hormone?

Answer 72

Erythropoietin Kidneys

Question 73

Briefly distinguish between serum and plasma.

Answer 73

Plasma = whole blood minus the formed elements Serum = plasma minus the clotting proteins

Question 74

[HbA / HbA2 / HbF/ HbS ] is the major hemoglobin found in adult humans

Answer 74

HbA

Question 75

[HbA / HbA2 / HbF/ HbS ] is the hemoglobin found in human fetuses

Answer 75

HbF

Question 76

[HbA / HbA2 / HbF/ HbS ] is an abnormal hemoglobin found in humans with sickle cell anemia

Answer 76

HbS

Question 77

________________________ is a waste product from heme (hemoglobin) breakdown; in high levels it can cause jaundice

Answer 77

Bilirubin